Experiencing a word can prime its accessibility and its associative connections to related words

Nelson, Douglas I.; Goodmon, Leilani B.

doi:10.3758/bf03194939

Cited by 35 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(90 reference statements)

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“…Others were selected because they were produced as responses in our rhyme norms, and we wanted to be able to cue the recall of the same word with either a rhyme cue or a meaning cue (e.g., Nelson & McEvoy, 1979). Some words were added because of work on priming (Bajo, 1988;Canas, 1990;McEvoy, 1988;Nelson & Goodmon, 2002), and others were added because of interest in the concreteness issue (Nelson & Schreiber, 1992). Many more were added in later years because they completed entire associative sets.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The University of South Florida free association, rhyme, and word fragment norms

Nelson

McEvoy

Schreiber

2004

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

1,652

2,143

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Preexisting word knowledge is accessed in many cognitive tasks, and this article offers a means for indexing this knowledge so that it can be manipulated or controlled. We offer free association data for 72,000 word pairs, along with over a million entries of related data, such as forward and backward strength, number of competing associates, and printed frequency. A separate file contains the 5,019 normed words, their statistics, and thousands of independently normed rhyme, stem, and fragment cues. Other files provide n ϫ n associative networks for more than 4,000 words and a list of idiosyncratic responses for each normed word. The database will be useful for investigators interested in cuing, priming, recognition, network theory, linguistics, and implicit testing applications. They also will be useful for evaluating the predictive value of free association probabilities as compared with other measures, such as similarity ratings and co-occurrence norms. Of several procedures for measuring preexisting strength between two words, the best remains to be determined. The norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive/.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The University of South Florida free association, rhyme, and word fragment norms

Nelson

McEvoy

Schreiber

2004

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

1,652

2,143

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“…In primed free association, subjects are asked to free-associate the first related word to come to mind for each test cue, under a cover story suggesting that norms are being collected for another experiment, and they are not told that the test cues are related to the targets. To reduce the probability of their discovering the relationship, the test often begins with unrelated "cues" and then continues with a random mix of equal numbers of related and unrelated cues (e.g., Chappell & Humphreys, 1994;Humphreys, Tehan, O'Shea, & Bolland, 2000;Nelson & Goodmon, 2002;Zeelenberg, Shiffrin, & Raaijmakers, 1999). We focus on the probability of recalling the target as a function of the variables that comprise Eq.…”

Section: Primed Free Associationmentioning

confidence: 99%

How activation, entanglement, and searching a semantic network contribute to event memory

et al. 2013

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Free-association norms indicate that words are organized into semantic/associative neighborhoods within a larger network of words and links that bind the net together. We present evidence indicating that memory for a recent word event can depend on implicitly and simultaneously activating related words in its neighborhood. Processing a word during encoding primes its network representation as a function of the density of the links in its neighborhood. Such priming increases recall and recognition and can have longlasting effects when the word is processed in working memory. Evidence for this phenomenon is reviewed in extralistcuing, primed free-association, intralist-cuing, and singleitem recognition tasks. The findings also show that when a related word is presented in order to cue the recall of a studied word, the cue activates the target in an array of related words that distract and reduce the probability of the target's selection. The activation of the semantic network produces priming benefits during encoding, and search costs during retrieval. In extralist cuing, recall is a negative function of cue-to-distractor strength, and a positive function of neighborhood density, cue-to-target strength, and target-tocue strength. We show how these four measures derived from the network can be combined and used to predict memory performance. These measures play different roles in different tasks, indicating that the contribution of the semantic network varies with the context provided by the task.Finally, we evaluate spreading-activation and quantum-like entanglement explanations for the priming effects produced by neighborhood density.Keywords Activation . Quantum-like entanglement . Semantic networks . Semantic memory . Working memory . Priming . Extralist cuing . Word recognition . Reminding Navigating a complex world requires many kinds of knowledge, and we rely on fast, efficient access to information while engaging hundreds of mental operations, including remembering, thinking, reading, driving, and so on. The brain seems to be wired to respond automatically to cues in its environment by simultaneously activating neighborhoods of related knowledge. We see a friend and her name comes readily, along with related information; we hear the word Atom, and automatically electron, neutron, and bomb are activated. In each instance, related word knowledge is activated, but most of it remains in the shadow of awareness, available but not apparent. Later, some cue reminds us of a prior event, and activates it along with related knowledge; for instance, suppose that we write a check to the electric company, seal it, and put it on the desk. We get ready for work, rush out, and stop the car at the end of the driveway after noticing the mailbox. Our findings indicate that Check and Envelope remind us of the associated words bill, money, mail, and the Mailbox cue activates links to bill, mail, and mailman. Mailbox succeeds as a cue because it implicitly activates words associated with a momentarily forgotten task tha...

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“…Um dos parâmetros produzidos através deste tipo de procedimento é o tamanho do conjunto de associadas (número de palavras produzidas na tarefa de associação induzida pelo contexto). Este estimador é o principal indicador do campo semântico em várias investigações sobre a memória semântica e tem se mostrado confiável e robusto (Steyvers, Shiffrin & Nelson, 2004;Goodmon & Nelson, 2004;Nelson & Goodmon, 2002;Nelson, McKinney, Gee & Janczura, 1998;Nelson, Schreiber & McEvoy, 1992). O efeito da redução, induzido pelo contexto, deverá ser refletido no tamanho do conjunto das associadas, ou seja, a apresentação das categorias conceituais (palavras-alvo) na presença de diferentes contextos deverá produzir conjuntos menores de associadas do que quando os alvos são apresentados isoladamente.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Contexto e normas de associação para palavras: a redução do campo semântico

Janczura

2005

Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto)

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Resumo: Este estudo teve por objetivo coletar normas de associação semântica para categorias naturais. Utilizando-se o método da associação livre, os participantes foram solicitados a produzir a primeira associada que completasse o significado de sentenças que serviam como contexto para as categorias. As associações produzidas em dois contextos semânticos diferentes foram comparadas com associações produzidas sem contexto. As seguintes medidas foram produzidas para cada categoria: o tamanho da categoria, as associadas semânticas, erros, omissões e respostas idiossincráticas. Propôs-se, ainda, um índice de ocorrência intracategórica que permite identificar quais são os membros mais provavelmente lembrados, independentemente da condição experimental. A análise das normas evidenciou um efeito de redução do campo semântico, e identificou os membros a serem gerados, apesar de a categoria ter sido apresentada isoladamente ou em contextos diferentes. Uma redução média de cinqüenta por cento no campo semântico foi observada quando as categorias conceituais estão contextualizadas.Palavras-chave: normas de associação; memória semântica; categorias naturais. CONTEXT AND NORMATIVE DATA FOR WORDS: THE SEMANTIC REDUCTION EFFECTAbstract: This study presents semantic association norms for natural categories. Participants were instructed to produce the first response to sentence cues using a free association procedure. The free associations produced in two different contexts were contrasted to categories presented with no context. The following parameters were calculated: category set size, word associates, errors, omissions and idiosyncratic responses. A measurent index that indicates which category members are more likely remembered regardless of category condition was proposed. Results indicated a reduction effect on the semantic field. It was also demonstrated that some category members are more likely produced regardless of whether the category was experienced either with or without context. The category semantic field is reduced about fifty per cent when categories are presented within a sentence context. Key words: word norms; semantic memory; natural categories. Introdução:As palavras têm sido amplamente utilizadas na investigação e compreensão dos processos cognitivos, um dos estímulos preferidos pelos pesquisadores em função da facilidade de sua manipulação, familiaridade dos indivíduos com este material e sua participação cotidiana nas atividades humanas. Estima-se que as pessoas conheçam, em média, 50.000 palavras (Barsalou, 1992).Entre os atributos das palavras, que têm despertado o interesse na pesquisa sobre a aprendizagem, memória e cognição, encontra-se a semântica, a sintaxe, o comprimento, a freqüência de ocorrência em materiais escritos, a imagística, a afetividade, a concretude, a similaridade acústica, a tipicidade, a ressonância, a conectividade, a familiaridade, a homografia, o número de palavras associadas, a força de associação entre elas, e a acessibilidade na memória. A manipulação sistemática destes ...

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Experiencing a word can prime its accessibility and its associative connections to related words

Cited by 35 publications

References 34 publications

The University of South Florida free association, rhyme, and word fragment norms

The University of South Florida free association, rhyme, and word fragment norms

How activation, entanglement, and searching a semantic network contribute to event memory

Contexto e normas de associação para palavras: a redução do campo semântico

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