Experiencia de conservación ex-situ de Solanum fernandezianum (Solanaceae)

Abstract

Solanum fernandezianum is an endemic species in danger of extinction the Robinson Crusoe Island, Chile. The fruit was collected during March and April of 2002. The seeds were storaged for a year to 4°C. The percentage of germination in laboratory conditions was 14.3%. After 22 weeks plants initiated fl owering and fruiting. The conservation strategy considered germination of seeds, production of plants in incubation chamber, transplantation to pots and pots arranged in a greenhouse.Los recursos fi togenéticos constituyen la base biológica de la seguridad alimentaria mundial. Estos recursos, a su vez, están formados por la rica diversidad de material genético que contienen las variedades tradicionales y los cultivares modernos, así como las plantas silvestres afi nes a las cultivadas por el hombre. Además, constituyen un depósito de adaptabilidad genética que sirve de garantía ante el peligro potencial presentado por los cambios medioambientales y económicos (FAO 1996).Uno de los cultivos alimenticios mundiales más demandados es la papa (Solanum tuberosum L.), por su alto contenido de almidón, con una fuente diversa de germoplasma utilizada para su fi tomejoramiento. En este contexto se puede cruzar con la mayoría de sus parientes silvestres, incorporando resistencia a estrés (Hijmans & Spooner 2001). Entre estas papas silvestres se encuentra Solanum fernandezianum Phil., serie Etuberosum, se caracteriza morfológicamente por ser una planta herbácea rizomatosa, con tallos y hojas glabras, y fl ores de color azul violeta (Contreras & Spooner 1999). Es originaria de la Isla Robinson Crusoe en el Archipiélago de Juan Fernández, Parque Nacional y Reserva de la Biósfera de Chile, es una especie endémica con una distribución restringida sólo a esta isla en áreas semidespejadas con abundante presencia de helechos arborescentes y herbáceos, la vegetación asociada coincide con la reportada por Marticorena et al. (1998). Esta especie ha sido clasifi cada en peligro por Stuessy et al.

Genetic diversity among native varieties and commercial cultivars of Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum L. present in Chile

“…These native varieties have been maintained over time by small-scale farmers practicing subsistence agriculture in the Chiloe and Chonos archipelagos. Of particular interest is the Chilean endemic species Solanum fernandezianum Phil., Etuberosum series, which is found growing naturally on Robinson Crusoe Island in the Juan Fernández archipelago, a Chilean National Park and Biosphere Reserve (Solano et al 2011). This species has been classified as endangered by Ricci (2006).…”

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria from Juan Fernández archipelago improve germination rate of endangered plant Solanum fernandezianum Phil.

“…This work proposed the isolation of bacteria from rhizosphere soils of endemic and invasive species of Robinson Crusoe Island and the assessment of their effect on the germination rate of a model plant, S. fernandezianum, a native species declared as endangered due to the scarce number of individuals found on the island (Ricci, 2006). A challenging aspect of the conservation of S. fernandezianum is its low germination rate (14.3%) reported by Solano et al (2011). As expected, a similar result was achieved in this work (16.7%) when seeds of this species were sown under similar laboratory conditions in the control treatment without bacteria (Figure 4).…”

“…One particular example is Solanum fernandezianum Phil., an herbaceous endemic vascular plant of Robinson Crusoe Island that displays extreme resistance to Potato leafroll virus and Potato viruses Y and A, harbors exclusive alleles, potentially useful for breeders, but is currently categorized as endangered with less than 1000 individuals on the island. Therefore, restoration initiatives should address this problem through a multidisciplinary point of view (Ricci, 2006;Solano et al, 2011).…”