“…We identified external obligations as the non-academic responsibilities/obligations imposed (e.g., family obligations, employment obligations, social obligations, medical obligations). Within Weidman et al's (2001) Graduate Socialization Framework, which predicts that personal communities (e.g., family, employment) influence doctoral student completion, this finding indicates that these external obligations might be the stressors that cause students to slow student progress, to reduce student success in coursework and their research, and, ultimately, to increase student attrition (Barnett, 2009;Boes, Ullery, Millner, & Cobia, 1999). Boes et al (1999) claimed that part-time doctoral students might have difficulty in fulfilling doctoral requirements and developing a professional identity due to their obligations to work, family, and friends, compared to full-time doctoral students.…”