Experience with full-scale electrodialysis for nitrate and hardness removal

Literature Survey for Groundwater Treatment Options for Nitrate Iodine-129 and Uranium 200-Zp-1 Operable Unit Hanford Site

“…The IX system used a strong-base anion-exchange Electrodialysis has been demonstrated to be capable of removing nitrate from groundwater ("Pollution of Nitrate in Moroccan Ground Water: Removal by Electrodialysis" [Elmidaoui et al 2001]; "Experience with Full-Scale Electrodialysis for Nitrate and Hardness Removal" [Hell et al 1998]; "Removal of Nitrate by Electrodialysis" [Indusekhar et al 2001 Reverse osmosis is often referred to as a common technology for the treatment of nitrate using pump-and-treat, although the published number of articles are limited. Published literature includes demonstrations of field studies that showed treatment of 65 mg··NIL nitrate to an average concentration of7.7 mg-NIL (Darbi et al 2003), treatment of 42..5 mg/L of nitrate to 0.9 mg/L ("Nitrate Removal with Reverse Osmosis in a Rural Area in South Africa" [Schoeman and Steyn 2003]), and treatment to achieve 75% to 95% nitrate removal in reverse osmosis plants with 76 and 100 mg/L nitrate ("Use of Reverse Osmosis for Removal of Nitrate in Drinking Water" [Bilidt 1985]).…”

Comparing and Optimizing Nitrate Adsorption from Aqueous Solution Using Fe/Pt Bimetallic Nanoparticles and Anion Exchange Resins

“…Excess of nitrate in drinking water results from anthropogenic sources, for example, overfertilization in agriculture, cattle shed discharge, untreated sewage, leakage from septic systems, infiltration of landfill leachate, and industrial waste water [2][3][4][5]. Out of these, synthetic fertilizers are the major contributors of nitrate pollution [6].…”

“…Nitrate exposure can also lead to several health issues such as blue baby syndrome, increased infant mortality, birth defects, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, diabetes, hypertension, respiratory tract infections, and changes in the immune system [7][8][9][10][11]. To limit the risk to human health from nitrate in drinking water, the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) is set to be 10 mg NO 3 − -N/L (45 mg NO 3 − /L) by USEPA, while the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Community have set the MCL at 11.3 mg NO 3 − -N/L (50 mg NO 3 − /L) [12,13]. Numerous technologies are available for removal of nitrate from water.…”

“…To study kinetics of the chemical reactions pseudosecond-order kinetics model was applied. 3 . The resulting nanoparticles were washed thrice with distilled water and ethanol and stored in the dark.…”

Preparation and monovalent selective properties of multilayer polyelectrolyte modified cation‐exchange membranes

“…1,2 If IEM with monovalent ion permselectivity are developed, the utilization of ED can be further expanded to areas of integrated utilization of seawater, [3][4][5] nitrate or hardness removal from drinking water, 6,7 and waste acid recovery, 8 etc.…”