“…UFEs can be highly variable in format (Lonergan & Andresen, 1988; O’Connell et al, 2020; Whitmeyer et al, 2009b). For example, some are strictly disciplinary (Jolley, Brogt, et al, 2018), others interdisciplinary (Alagona & Simon, 2010); they might occur locally (Peacock et al, 2018), in short duration (Hughes, 2016), over an entire course (Thomas & Roberts, 2009), or as a summer research experience held at a residential field station (Hodder, 2009, Wilson et al, 2018). O’Connell et al (2021) comprehensively describe and organize the evidence for how student factors such as student identity, prior knowledge, and prior experience and design factors such as setting and social interaction influence learning in the variety of UFE formats (O’Connell et al, 2021).…”