Shame is a painful emotion that emerges when one's self-image is threatened by feelings of being bad, worthless, weak, exposed, isolated, and unlovable. The present study aims to validate the international French adaptation of the Experience of Shame Scale (ESS), a self-report questionnaire assessing characterological, behavioral, and bodily shame by identifying eight areas of occurrence. A total of 314 French-Canadian adult participants completed online self-report questionnaires assessing psychological constructs relevant to shame assessment along with the ESS. The validation process explored: (a) internal consistency; (b) gender differences; (c) temporal reliability; (d) factor structure using Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling; (e) concurrent validity using the Test of Self-Conscious Affect 3; and (f) convergent-discriminant validity with self-report measures of pathological narcissism, borderline traits, depression, self-esteem, and guilt. Results show that the internal consistency and test-retest reliability for the whole questionnaire and its subscales were good to excellent. Factor structure did not replicate the original three-factor structure of the instrument, as the best fit indices were obtained for the eight-factor solution in which each factor corresponds to an area of occurrence of shame reported in the original version of the instrument. Expected correlations with external indices of convergentdiscriminant validity were found. Overall, results from the current study support the validity and reliability of the international French adaptation of the ESS in a French-Canadian sample. They also contribute to the ongoing debates regarding the nature and associations of shame with related constructs.
Public Significance StatementShame is a construct that is relevant to research, clinical psychology, and psychotherapy. Consequently, it is of high importance to have access to well-validated instruments to assess shame in various contexts, including psychotherapy. This study provides a validated French version of the Experience of Shame Scale for researchers and clinicians.