Expected Labor Market Affiliation: A New Method Illustrated by Estimating the Impact of Perceived Stress on Time in Work, Sickness Absence and Unemployment of 37,605 Danish Employees

Pedersen, Jacob; Solovieva, Svetlana; Thorsen, Sannie Vester; Andersen, Malene Friis; Bültmann, Ute

doi:10.3390/ijerph18094980

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Labor market affiliation was assessed by using eight labor-market states, longitudinally obtained from the AMR-UN, hereunder defined as five recurrent states: (1) work—salary payments, without any social benefits; (2) unemployment—persons available for the labor market receiving social benefits for unemployment; (3) long-term sickness absence—persons receiving sickness absence benefits (entitled after >30 consecutive days of sickness); (4) students—persons who receive benefits for undergoing education; and (5) temporarily out—persons on parental leave and periods without any registered salary or benefits; and three absorbing states: (1) disability retirement pension, (2) voluntary retirement pension, and (3) death or emigration, in line with a previous study [ 33 ] on labor market affiliation. See Appendix B Table A1 for detailed codes.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Transition probabilities for labor market affiliations for marginal part-time and full-time workers were analyzed with multistate modeling according to the Expected Labor Market Affiliation (ELMA) method [ 33 ] developed by Pedersen (2021). Participants were followed from 1 December 2012 to the end of the study period (1 December 2017), pension, emigration, or death, whichever came first (right censoring).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was carried out separately on marginal part-time and full-time workers, using days from the start of follow-up as the underlying time axis. Then, we summed the area under each transition and state probability, as conducted in Pedersen et al 2021. Finally, to test the difference between marginal part-time and full-time workers, a variance regression model was conducted on 500 re-samples, assuming a normally distributed state duration.…”

Section: Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Labor Market Affiliation of Marginal Part-Time Workers in Denmark—A Longitudinal Study

Nielsen

Pape

Gregersen

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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This longitudinal study examined the labor market affiliations of marginal part-time workers (<15 working hours/week) compared with full-time workers (32–40 working hours/week) within gender and age groups. Analyses were based on 1,492,187 Danish employees with marginal part-time or full-time work at baseline using register data of working hours and labor market affiliation from the Labor Market Account. We used the Expected Labor Market Affiliation method within gender and age groups to estimate the time spent in different labor market states over a 5-year follow-up from 2012–2017. The multistate model included five recurrent labor market states: work, unemployment, long-term sickness absence, studying, and temporarily out, and the results were adjusted for education level, morbidity, and ethnicity. A marginal part-time worker generally had fewer days of work without social benefits and spent more days studying during follow-up compared with a full-time worker. In addition, marginal part-time workers ≥ 25 years old had more days of unemployment and more days of long-term sickness absence. These findings suggest that marginal part-time workers have fewer paid workdays without social benefits compared with full-time workers, depending on age. Further studies should explore whether marginal part-time work is a stepping stone into or out of the labor market.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Labor Market Affiliation of Marginal Part-Time Workers in Denmark—A Longitudinal Study

Nielsen

Pape

Gregersen

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…The analyses included seven covariates that have been used in previous studies on mental health and labor market affiliation in relation to self-perceived stress, life course analysis of depression symptoms, and psychiatric work disability (Thorsen et al 2019;Pedersen et al 2019Pedersen et al , 2021Virtanen et al 2011). The covariates are associated with adverse health outcomes, possible through selection, e.g.…”

Section: Covariates and Weightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The linkage of depressive and anxiety disorders with the expected labor market affiliation (ELMA): a longitudinal multi-state study of Danish employees

Pedersen

Framke

Thorsen

et al. 2022

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Objective Depressive and anxiety disorders are prevalent among employees in general. Still, knowledge regarding the contribution of these disorders to the dynamics of the labor market in terms of working time, sickness absence, and unemployment is scarce. We aim to quantify the linkage of depressive and anxiety disorders with labor market participation using the expected labor market affiliation method (ELMA), in a large sample of Danish employees. Methods We combined three survey waves on occupational health with six high-quality national registers in N = 43,148 Danish employees, of which the 2012 survey contributed 29,665 person years, the 2014 survey 33,043 person years, and the 2016 survey 35,375 person years. We used the new ELMA method to estimate the multi-state transition probabilities and 2-year expected time in work, sickness absence, and unemployment. Depressive and anxiety disorders were assessed by the Major Depression Inventory and the SCL-ANX4 scales, respectively. We adjusted for multiple variables by applying inverse probability weighting in groups of gender and age. Results Depressive and anxiety disorders among employees link to reduced labor market affiliation by significantly changed transitions probabilities between the labor markets states, viewed as reduced working time by 4–51 days (in two years), increased time in sickness absence by 6–44 days (in two years), and unemployment by 6–12 days (in two years) when compared to employees without depression or anxiety disorders. The results were most pronounced for women employees and for employees with both depression and anxiety disorders. Conclusions The study reveals detailed insight into what extent depression and anxiety disorders influence the labor market affiliation, in terms of the complex interrelation between working time, sickness absence, and unemployment. The study emphasizes the importance of preventing and handling depressive and anxiety disorders among employees for strengthening work participation.

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“…Multi-state analysis is an effective way of analyzing the impact on the labor market affiliation when the system is highly flexible and contain multiple states. This study uses the expected labor market affiliation (ELMA) method developed by Pedersen et al (7) for analyzing the impact on labor market affiliation of Danish employees having different levels of physical work demands. The 2 Scand J Work Environ Health -online first Physical work demands and expected labor market affiliation ELMA method relies on multi-state modeling of the labor market system for analyzing multiple transitions and summarizing the effect into expected durations of each state (8)(9)(10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical work demands and expected labor market affiliation (ELMA): Prospective cohort with register-follow-up among 46 169 employees

Pedersen¹,

Bjørner²,

Andersen³

2022

Scand J Work Environ Health

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Objective This study aimed to estimate the impact of high physical work demands on expected labor market affiliation (ELMA) among men and women of different ages in the general working population. Methods After participating in the Danish Work Environment and Health study (2012, 2014, and/or 2016), 46 169 employees were followed for two years in national registers. Using multi-state modeling, taking all day-to-day transition probabilities of labor market affiliation into account (work, unemployment, sickness absence, temporary out, and permanently out), and performing multilevel adjustment, we estimated the prospective association between physical work demands (ergonomic index including 7 factors) and ELMA. Results During 104 896 person-years of follow-up, we identified of 439 045 transitions. Using low physical work demands as reference, higher physical work demands were associated with fewer days of active work (2–35 days) during 730 days of follow-up, and more days of sickness absence (4–26 days) and unemployment (ranging 1-9 days) among men and women of aged 40–49 and 50–64 years. Among men and women aged 18–39 years, high physical work demands only had minor and inconsistent impact on ELMA. Conclusions Analyzing multiple and highly detailed patterns of transition probabilities concerning labor market affiliation, we showed that reducing physical work demands is likely to increase the active working time and prevent high societal cost of sickness absence and unemployment, especially among middle-aged and older workers.

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Expected Labor Market Affiliation: A New Method Illustrated by Estimating the Impact of Perceived Stress on Time in Work, Sickness Absence and Unemployment of 37,605 Danish Employees

Cited by 10 publications

References 28 publications

Labor Market Affiliation of Marginal Part-Time Workers in Denmark—A Longitudinal Study

Labor Market Affiliation of Marginal Part-Time Workers in Denmark—A Longitudinal Study

The linkage of depressive and anxiety disorders with the expected labor market affiliation (ELMA): a longitudinal multi-state study of Danish employees

Physical work demands and expected labor market affiliation (ELMA): Prospective cohort with register-follow-up among 46 169 employees

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