Expectations and Challenges in the Labour Market in the Context of Industrial Revolution 4.0. The Agglomeration Method-Based Analysis for Poland and Other EU Member States

Abstract

<jats:p>Technological revolution brings forth major changes in the labour market as well as the necessity to adapt to the shifting conditions on the part of both employees and entrepreneurs. This notion fits in with the European Policy of “Lifelong Learning” which presents the necessity to constantly improve skills and participate in the process of learning through the entire period of professional engagement. The aim of the article is to diagnose the current situation in the labour market and expectations towards employees as a result of the technological revolution and digitization, and to analyze whether there are groups of countries in the EU with similar features describing the labour market and to present the differences between these groups. The study uses research methods based on literature research, content analysis and comparative analysis, and the empirical part uses cluster analysis—the Ward method, using secondary statistical data from the Eurostat database. It was verified which groups of the Member States exhibited similarities to the extent of: forms of employment; work productivity; commitment of entrepreneurs and employees to the process of continuing vocational training (CVT) and lifelong learning; educating future employees of the economy at the level of higher education (HE) in STEM fields and development of digital skills as well as commitment of governments of each EU Member State to financing research and development in higher education institutions (HEIs). It may be ascertained that the average values of variables describing the pattern followed by “new” Member States which joined the EU in 2004 or later are, in majority, lower than the values of the same variables describing the pattern followed by the “old” Member States. It cannot be unambiguously stated that the affiliation with the Eurozone in any way determined whether a given group of Member States is better or worse than the other. The resulting figures may become significant at the stage of developing the employment policy as well as the education policy and the professional career development policy in the respective Member States. Those results may be applied to both evaluation and planning of actions to be taken against the background of the development strategy in order to reduce clearly visible inequalities between the European Union Member States.</jats:p>

The Impact of Industry 4.0 on Employees—Insights from Australia

“…The difference may be due to the fact that the indicated technologies are not classified by most scientists as I4.0 technologies and constitute separate categories. There is full agreement in the literature that the impact of I4.0 on the labor market will be significant [26,39]. All statements provided by respondents found confirmation in the selected articles: simple physical/manual works will be replaced or liquidated [32,38,41,52], health & safety will improve [38,42], possibility of job loss by low-skilled workers [38,52].…”

“…The impact of I4.0 on the labor market, required worker skills and competences [26,35,36,39,40,45,48].…”

“…The synthesis of the obtained results and their comparison with the literature are presented in Table 5. [12,33,34,43,44,46,49,51] change in functioning of organizations greater digitization and robotization [35,40,47,49,50,52] employee's role in I4.0 not changed significantly [43,44] the most important skills/competences in I4.0 technical skills, problem solving, coding skills, analytical skills, ability to work under pressure [25,35,36,39,42,[44][45][46]48] employers' expectations towards employees diligence, problem-solving orientation, activity in finding solutions, ability to learn, openness to change [36,39,48] employees' fluctuations both hiring new employees and training the existing ones will take place [39] preparation employees for I4.0 courses & trainings related to I4.0, self-learning [36,50] technologies with the greatest impact on labor market AI, automatics & robotics [29,33] impact of I4.0 on labor market simple physical/manual works will be replaced or liquidated, health & safety will improve, possibility of job loss by low-skilled workers [12,26,[31][32][33]38,…”

“…The most frequently described topics are related to the impact of I4.0 on the human work or labor market, the desired skills/competences and change in functioning of organizations in the I4.0 era. There are articles that discuss several issues related to the impact of I4.0 on employees [33,35,36,39,44,48] and those that deal with only one issue [25,29,30,34,37,38,45,47,51]. However, there is no publication that covers all the issues contained in Table 5.…”

“…In this case, it is difficult to compare the results obtained in Australia, as there are no similar studies in the literature. Changes in the labor market, including the issue of employees 'fluctuations are described in [39]. It can be concluded that the fluctuation will be increasing, so the activities indicated by the respondents related to hiring new employees and training the existing ones will be desirable.…”