Expectations

Constantino, Michael J.; Arnkoff, Diane B.; Glass, Carol R.; Ametrano, Rebecca M.; Smith, JuliAnna Z.

doi:10.1002/jclp.20754

Cited by 318 publications

(305 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Both psychotherapy outcome expectancy and treatment credibility are shown to be positively related to treatment outcomes (Constantino, Arnkoff, Glass, Ametrano, & Smith, 2011; Taylor, 2003). With regard to EMDR specifically, previous authors have asserted the view that beneficial effects of the treatment are incidental and might be explained by credibility, expectation for improvement, experimental demand, therapist enthusiasm, and therapist allegiance (Devilly, 2005; Herbert et al, 2000; Lohr et al, 1992; Lohr, Lilienfeld, Tolin, & Herbert, 1999).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring expectation effects in EMDR: does prior treatment knowledge affect the degrading effects of eye movements on memories?

Littel

Schie

Hout

2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is an effective psychological treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Recalling a memory while simultaneously making eye movements (EM) decreases a memory’s vividness and/or emotionality. It has been argued that non-specific factors, such as treatment expectancy and experimental demand, may contribute to the EMDR’s effectiveness. Objective: The present study was designed to test whether expectations about the working mechanism of EMDR would alter the memory attenuating effects of EM. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, we examined the effects of pre-existing (non-manipulated) knowledge of EMDR in participants with and without prior knowledge. In Experiment 2, we experimentally manipulated prior knowledge by providing participants without prior knowledge with correct or incorrect information about EMDR’s working mechanism. Method: Participants in both experiments recalled two aversive, autobiographical memories during brief sets of EM (Recall+EM) or keeping eyes stationary (Recall Only). Before and after the intervention, participants scored their memories on vividness and emotionality. A Bayesian approach was used to compare two competing hypotheses on the effects of (existing/given) prior knowledge: (1) Prior (correct) knowledge increases the effects of Recall+EM vs. Recall Only, vs. (2) prior knowledge does not affect the effects of Recall+EM. Results: Recall+EM caused greater reductions in memory vividness and emotionality than Recall Only in all groups, including the incorrect information group. In Experiment 1, both hypotheses were supported by the data: prior knowledge boosted the effects of EM, but only modestly. In Experiment 2, the second hypothesis was clearly supported over the first: providing knowledge of the underlying mechanism of EMDR did not alter the effects of EM. Conclusions: Recall+EM appears to be quite robust against the effects of prior expectations. As Recall+EM is the core component of EMDR, expectancy effects probably contribute little to the effectiveness of EMDR treatment.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring expectation effects in EMDR: does prior treatment knowledge affect the degrading effects of eye movements on memories?

Littel

Schie

Hout

2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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“…Usually treatment expectations are assessed in psychotherapy by asking about the potential gain or the expected negative effects of the therapy [14]. The positive treatment expectations of a patient lead to a higher perception of self-efficacy and this, in turn, has a positive effect on the patient's motivation [15].…”

Section: Methods Study Objectives and Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The positive treatment expectations of a patient lead to a higher perception of self-efficacy and this, in turn, has a positive effect on the patient's motivation [15]. In a meta-analysis, Constantino et al [14] reported a small (d=0.24) but significant positive effect of treatment expectations before therapy start on the treatment result, which means the more positive the expectations of a therapy are at the beginning, the more likely patients are to show an improvement at the end of treatment. This relationship appears to exist for various anxiety disorders (e.g.…”

Section: Methods Study Objectives and Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Expectancy and Homework Compliance Predict Change in CBT?

Schröder¹

2017

Acta Psychopathol

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Objective: For treating panic disorder with agoraphobia, a high efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been demonstrated. However, the exact mechanisms leading to symptom change have been hardly explored. Previous evidence demonstrated that patients with positive expectations regarding treatment outcome before start of therapy and with high homework compliance experience an early response in the course of treatment. Furthermore the correlation between homework compliance and the treatment outcome of a patient was mediated by an early response. The aim of the present study was to conceptually replicate these findings.Method: Twenty-three patients who met the diagnostic criteria for a panic disorder with agoraphobia according to the DSM-IV were treated in an exposure-based therapy with a total of 12 sessions. After each session, interim measurements were taken to measure symptom intensity. To test the research questions, multiple regression analyses were calculated. Results:Patients who experienced an early response according to the definition (n=19) showed this change on average in session 5.11 (SD=2.94). Testing the mediation hypotheses replicated neither that the relationship between positive treatment expectations and early change was mediated by homework compliance, nor that the relationship between homework compliance and treatment outcome was mediated by early change. Conclusions:The results show that previous findings on the relationship of positive treatment expectation, homework compliance and early symptom change cannot be generalized to a different setting. Given this conclusion, there should be an increased interest in replication studies.

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“…estos estudios incluyen variables tales como el sexo (Mahalik, good y englar-carlson, 2003), la edad (swift y greenberg, 2012), la pertenencia a minorías étnicas (trujillo, 2008;Wang, 2007), el nivel socioeconómico (Nse) (swift y greenberg, 2012; Wierzbicki y pekarik, 1993;Williams Ketring, y salts, 2005), las expectativas sobre la psicoterapia (constantino, arnkoff, glass, ametrano, y smith, 2011;Davis, lebow, y sprenkle, 2012;Vogel y Wester, 2003), las emociones negativas asociadas a psicoterapia tales como el miedo y la vergüenza (corrigan, 2004;MacKenzie, gekoski, y Knox, 2006;Vogel y Wester, 2003;Yap, Wright, y Jorm, 2011) y el temor a ser estigmatizado como paciente de salud mental (lannin, guyll, Vogel, y Madon, 2013).…”

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