“…The robustness of the developed procedure relies on the fact that outlying cases are downweighted in the estimation process. Missing data are handled by an expectation-robust (ER) algorithm (Yuan, Chan, & Tian, 2015), which is a generalization of the EM-algorithm based on a multivariate t distribution (Little, 1988). In the development, we assume that data are missing completely at random (MCAR), missing at random (MAR), or missing not at random (MNAR) but with auxiliary variables (e.g., Little & Rubin, 2002).…”