Expanding multiple antibiotic resistance among clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae isolated from 1992–7 in Calcutta, India

Abstract

Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from cholera patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Calcutta, India for 6 years were analysed to determine the changing trends; 840 V. cholerae strains isolated in 1992-1997 were included in this study. Among V. cholerae serogoup O1 and O139, ampicillin resistance increased from 1992 (35 and 70%, respectively) to 1997 (both serogroups 100%). Resistance to furazolidone and streptomycin was constantly high among V. cholerae O1 strains with gradual increase in resistance to other drugs such as ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, neomycin and nalidixic acid. V. cholerae O139 strains exhibited susceptibilities to furazolidone and streptomycin comparable with those of O1 strains. However, after initial increase in resistance to chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole, all the V. cholerae O139 strains became susceptible to these two drugs from 1995 onwards. Both V. cholerae O1 and O139 remained largely susceptible to gentamicin and tetracycline. V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strains, in contrast, exhibited high levels of resistance to virtually every class of antimicrobial agents tested in this study especially from 1995. Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis showed that V. cholerae O1 Ogawa serogroup exhibited significant yearly increase in resistance to nine antibiotics followed by non-O1 non-O139 and O139 strains to six antibiotics and two antibiotics respectively. Interesting observation encountered in this study was the dissipation of some of the resistant patterns commonly found among V. cholerae non-O1 non-O139 or O1 serogroups to the O139 serogroup and vice versa during the succeeding years.

Estimation of Vibrio Species Incidences and Antibiotic Resistance in Diarrhea Patients.

“…Vibrio strains having resistance against cephalosporins have been reported scarcely [15], while the current study elicited alarming resistance rates against cephalosporin class in the region. The previous studies reported very higher levels of resistance against nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and ciprofloxacin antibiotics [31,32,43,44]; however, our study implicated relatively low levels of resistance against these antibiotics.…”

Genomic diversity of 2010 Haitian cholera outbreak strains

“…Analysis of the gyrA and parC (VC1258 and VC2430, respectively, in Table S3) genes revealed two point mutations in the Haitian strains, i.e., a ser83ile substitution in gyrA and a ser85leu substitution in parC. Both point mutations are associated with quinolone resistance in clinical V. cholerae and have been reported in India and most recently in Nigeria and Cameroon (33)(34)(35)(36)(37). We observed the same point mutations in gyrA and parC in recent isolates from Zimbabwe (CP1038), Thailand (CP1042), and Bangladesh (CP1048).…”

Gene Cloning and Characterization of VcrM, a Na+‐Coupled Multidrug Efflux Pump, from Vibrio cholerae Non‐O1

“…Although oral saline therapy for cholera is principally supportive, antimicrobial therapy can be useful in decreasing the volume of stools and the length of illness (11). Both clinical and environmental strains of V. cholerae (O1 and non-O1) which are multiply resistant to antimicrobial agents have been reported with increasing frequency (5,7,(11)(12)(13).…”

“…Although oral saline therapy for cholera is principally supportive, antimicrobial therapy can be useful in decreasing the volume of stools and the length of illness (11). Both clinical and environmental strains of V. cholerae (O1 and non-O1) which are multiply resistant to antimicrobial agents have been reported with increasing frequency (5,7,(11)(12)(13). Even though some reports demonstrated that the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in plasmids or integrons in V. cholerae were the cause of resistance to antimicrobial agents, the mechanisms of resistance in other cases are unknown and remain to be determined (5,7,28).…”