Expanded glaciers during a dry and cold Last Glacial Maximum in equatorial East Africa

Two contributors to the glacial CO 2 decline

“…1; Clark et al, 2009). For example, during that time period, mountain glaciers in North America (Porter and Swanson, 1998), Europe (Monegato et al, 2007), Hawaii (Anslow et al, 2010), Africa (Kelly et al, 2014), the tropical Andes (Bromley et al, 2011(Bromley et al, , 2009, Papua New Guinea (Barrows et al, 2011), southern South America (Denton et al, 1999a(Denton et al, , 1999bKaplan et al, 2008), and New Zealand (Doughty et al, 2015;Putnam et al, 2013) had all stood at their maximum extents. Further, the LGM snowline lowering is similar across the globe.…”

“…Most of the ocean's iron is supplied by dust blown off the continents. Records of dust rain from Antarctic ice and from Southern Ocean sediments show that rain of dust was much higher during MIS 2 and MIS 4 than today (Lambert et al, 2008;see Fig. 5).…”

The evolutionary origin and population history of the grauer gorilla

“…The Pleistocene undoubtedly presented extreme survival challenges for all gorillas unable to find suitable refugia, as African paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental records show significant reductions in suitable forest habitats compared with today (Livingstone, ; Hamilton, ; Bonnefille et al, ; Taylor, ; Johnson et al, ; Beuning et al, ; Jolly et al, ; Marchant et al, ; Street‐Perrott et al, ; Bonnefille and Chalié, ; Gasse, ; Runge, ; Schefuß et al, ; Anthony et al, ; Tierney et al, ; Kelly et al, ). These data provide key context for interpreting the recent evolutionary history of eastern gorillas, including where populations ancestral to all living mountain and grauer gorillas survived during the late Pleistocene (Fig.…”

“…For pollen data, only selected pollen types are shown and the pollen percentages are based on an upland pollen sum (lowland tree taxa of moist forests, light green; montane forest tree taxa [elevation range ∼2,000–3,000 m], dark green; grasses, yellow; high‐altitude shrub and herb taxa of the ericaceous and alpine vegetation belts currently largely restricted to elevations above 3,000 m [e.g., Hedberg, ], dark and light blue, respectively). From top to bottom: (1) Lake Albert pollen record (Beuning et al, ); (2) Lake Mahoma pollen record (Livingstone, ) and Mahoma glaciation of the Rwenzori Mountains based on dated moraines (Kelly et al, ); (3) lake surface temperature record of Lake Victoria (Berke et al, ) based on the TEX86 paleotemperature proxy; (4) Bwindi pollen record (MB3 core) (Marchant et al, ); (5) Muchoya pollen record (MC2 core) (Taylor, ); (6) Ahakagyezi pollen record (AH2 core) (Taylor, ); (7) Osokari soil erosion record represents radiocarbon dates of wood/tree trunks that were buried by hillwash in presumably open savanna woodland (Runge, ,b); (8) volcanic eruptions of Mount Karisimbi based on K‐Ar dates of lavas (De Mulder and Pasteels, ); (9) lake level record of Lake Kivu (Hecky and Degens, (dotted line); Zhang et al, (continuous line)), eastern gorilla subspecies divergence estimates (Roy et al, ), and scenario of eastern gorilla effective population sizes (i.e. reproducing individuals) based on Roy et al () for the past 10,000 years and possible earlier changes based on paleoenvironmental data; (10) Burundi highlands precipitation reconstruction based on pollen transfer functions from nine pollen sequences (Bonnefille and Chalié, ); (11) Lake Tanganyika deltaD leaf wax record (Tierney et al ) with more negative isotope values indicating wetter climatic conditions.…”

“…In the highlands along the Albertine Rift, glacial climatic conditions depressed montane forest belts by more than 1,500 m in elevation (e.g., Hamilton, ) and resulted in substantial glacier advance in the Rwenzori Mountains (Kelly et al, ). Glaciers extended down the Rwenzori Mountains to elevations of 3,000 m and in some valleys even to ∼2,000 m asl, over 2,700 m lower than today (Livingstone, ; Kelly et al, ).…”