Exosomes: The Messengers of Health and Disease

Isola, Allison L.; Chen, Suzie

doi:10.2174/1570159x14666160825160421

Cited by 167 publications

(136 citation statements)

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“…Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of CRCI have yet to be established. While the role of exosomes in cancer has been well-documented [18][19][20], the role of cancer exosomes and their ability to interact with the nervous system to modulate neurological processes such as neuronal functioning and stress response have attracted considerable attention.Exosomes, as a distinct class of extracellular vesicles with spherical morphology and size ranging from 30-150 nm, were found to influence physiological and pathological conditions, such as immune homeostasis, pregnancy, infectious diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders [15,21]. Exosomes are endocytic vesicles formed by the inward budding of multivesicular bodies.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Exosomes, as a distinct class of extracellular vesicles with spherical morphology and size ranging from 30-150 nm, were found to influence physiological and pathological conditions, such as immune homeostasis, pregnancy, infectious diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders [15,21]. Exosomes are endocytic vesicles formed by the inward budding of multivesicular bodies.…”

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Role of Exosomes in Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment

Koh

Tan

Toh

et al. 2020

IJMS

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A decline in cognitive function following cancer treatment is one of the most commonly reported post-treatment symptoms among patients with cancer and those in remission, and include memory, processing speed, and executive function. A clear understanding of cognitive impairment as a result of cancer and its therapy can be obtained by delineating structural and functional changes using brain imaging studies and neurocognitive assessments. There is also a need to determine the underlying mechanisms and pathways that impact the brain and affect cognitive functioning in cancer survivors. Exosomes are small cell-derived vesicles formed by the inward budding of multivesicular bodies, and are released into the extracellular environment via an exocytic pathway. Growing evidence suggests that exosomes contribute to various physiological and pathological conditions, including neurological processes such as synaptic plasticity, neuronal stress response, cell-to-cell communication, and neurogenesis. In this review, we summarize the relationship between exosomes and cancer-related cognitive impairment. Unraveling exosomes' actions and effects on the microenvironment of the brain, which impacts cognitive functioning, is critical for the development of exosome-based therapeutics for cancer-related cognitive impairment.Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 2755 2 of 16 attention, learning, and executive function [10]. CRCI adversely affects cancer patients and survivors, causing distress and reduced quality of life, and impacts many facets of their daily lives [11]. CRCI is complicated by many factors including the direct effects of cancer, genetic predisposition (e.g., carrier of apolipoprotein E type epsilon 4 allele [12] and brain-derived neurotrophic factor Met allele [13]), comorbidities independent of the actual disease, and/or treatments or combinations of treatments administered for the disease [14].Efforts to better understand cancer-and cancer-therapy-associated cognitive impairment have relied on methods ranging from cognitive functioning assessment to imaging technologies on brain structure and function (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging scan). However, these approaches may be limited to help us understand the etiology and pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunction. The emerging application of the use of liquid biopsies (e.g., plasma and cerebrospinal fluid) as a strategy for biomarker discovery to detect, assess and monitor CRCI is fast-expanding and evolving [15,16]. In published literature, studies have revealed that genetics and neurobiological and immunological mechanisms may be involved in the biogenesis and development of CRCI. Preclinical studies have also provided insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CRCI, including neurotoxicity and inflammatory factors, which were shown to be responsible for CRCI [17]. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of CRCI have yet to be established. While the role of exosomes in cancer has been well-documented [18][19][20], the role of cancer exosomes and their ability ...

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Role of Exosomes in Cancer-Related Cognitive Impairment

Koh

Tan

Toh

et al. 2020

IJMS

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“…They contain key biological molecules including proteins, RNAs and lipids, which are considered to mediate intercellular communication (6). In particular, exosomes deliver proteins and RNAs associated with different pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases, HIV infection, heart disease and tumor progression, from host cells to recipient cells (8). Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) may have the capacity to remodel the tumor microenvironment to make it favorable for metastatic niches (7) and, furthermore, may alter the extracellular matrix and attract more cancer cells to the niches (9).…”

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confidence: 99%

Exosome‑mediated peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer and its clinical applications (Review)

Chen

Jin

et al. 2018

biom rep

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Abstract. The prognosis of patients with peritoneal dissemination from gastric cancer is poor, and the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Exosomes, as macromolecular phospholipid bilayer vesicles comprising of proteins, nucleic acids and lipids, serve as mediators of cell-cell communication. Gastric cancer tumor-derived exosomes may be involved in the pathological process of peritoneal dissemination by mediating crosstalk between cancer cells and mesothelial cells, to result in the induction of enhanced tumor growth, migratory, adhesive and invasive abilities, peritoneal fibrosis and apoptosis, mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis and chemoresistance. The present review focuses on previous studies addressing the exosome-dependent molecular transfer in peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer and the potential clinical applications. Contents1. Introduction 2. Exosomes in peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer 3. Early detection by exosomal miRNAs 4. Chemoresistance and exosome-based treatment of peritoneal dissemination cases of gastric cancer IntroductionPeritoneal dissemination is detected in 14% of patients with gastric cancer at the time of initial diagnosis, for whom the median survival time is 4 months (1). Gastric cancer patients with peritoneal dissemination cannot undergo radical surgery, and the chemotherapeutic effect is limited due to inadequate distribution of intravenous chemotherapy drugs, blocked by the peritoneal barrier, and tumor chemoresistance (2). The 5-year survival rate of gastric cancer patients with peritoneal dissemination is only 2% (3). Peritoneal dissemination is among the most common patterns of recurrence in gastric cancer patients (4). However, it remains unclear how peritoneal dissemination exactly occurs, and there is a need to reveal the underlying molecular mechanism, as well as to develop more effective treatment strategies. Exosomes are macromolecular, phospholipid bilayer vesicles comprised of proteins, nucleic acids and lipids (5). At 40-120 nm in diameter, exosomes are smaller than other vesicles including microvesicles (100 nm-1 µm) and apoptotic bodies (50 nm-2 µm) (6). Exosomes exist in all body fluids and are generated by secretion and budding from various types of cells, including tumor cells (7). They contain key biological molecules including proteins, RNAs and lipids, which are considered to mediate intercellular communication (6). In particular, exosomes deliver proteins and RNAs associated with different pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases, HIV infection, heart disease and tumor progression, from host cells to recipient cells (8). Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) may have the capacity to remodel the tumor microenvironment to make it favorable for metastatic niches (7) and, furthermore, may alter the extracellular matrix and attract more cancer cells to the niches (9). Notably, increasing studies indicate that exosomes are involved in the peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer. The present review focuses on how exos...

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“…Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from cells that act as mechanisms of cellular communication both between the surrounding cells that make up the cellular mileu and cells at distant locations in the body (1). Not only do they play many different roles in normal physiology, exosomes have been shown to exacerbate the progression of numerous different pathologies (1), including playing dual roles in immune regulation (2).…”

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“…Not only do they play many different roles in normal physiology, exosomes have been shown to exacerbate the progression of numerous different pathologies (1), including playing dual roles in immune regulation (2). Exosomes activate immunity by way of transferring antigens and promoting activation of antigen presenting cells.…”

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confidence: 99%