Exosomes: Promising nanocarrier for cancer therapy

Abstract

Cancer has intensively threatened the health and life of human beings across the world. Drug delivery systems (DDSs) can protect the packaged cargoes from degradation; effectively delivery cargoes to specific tissues. Most DDSs are based on functional nanomaterials. As natural nanomaterials, exosomes are secreting by mammalian cells through the multivesicle bodies route. Usually, exosomes possess uniform size ranging from 50 to 150 nm, their membrane surface has many functional proteins and cavity contains RNA, DNA similar to maternal cells. Owing to the high biocompatibility, excellent penetration capability as well as ease to be engineered, exosomes have shown outstanding potentials in delivering therapeutic molecules for cancer diagnosis and treatment. This review summarizes the unique characteristics which makes exosomes promising nanocarrier for cancer treatment. The future developments of exosomes based biomedical applications towards cancer are also outlined. We expect the review will help readers understand the potential value of exosomes based nanocarrier, and also try to elaborate their promising applications.

Progressing nanotechnology to improve targeted cancer treatment: overcoming hurdles in its clinical implementation

“…Understanding these interactions and predicting their consequences in a clinical setting is a complex task, as it requires interdisciplinary expertise in both nanotechnology and biology [ 312 ]. Additionally, the long-term biocompatibility and toxicity of nanoparticles need to be thoroughly evaluated, which often involves lengthy preclinical studies and can delay the progress of nanomedicine development [ 315 ]. The limited number of approved nanocarriers in clinical applications can also be attributed to the substantial financial investments required for research, development, and regulatory compliance [ 309 ].…”

“…To overcome these hurdles, several strategies can be implemented. Firstly, there is a need for increased collaboration and communication between researchers, regulatory agencies, and industry stakeholders to establish clear guidelines and standards for characterizing and testing nanocarriers [ 315 ]. Standardization of protocols for nanoparticle characterization, toxicity assessment, and preclinical studies can streamline the regulatory process and improve the consistency of data generated in different laboratories [ 310 ].…”

“…With regard to viruses, live-attenuated oncolytic viruses contain a complete genome that enables them to replicate specifically in transformed cells, while virus-like particles consist only of structural proteins and are not capable of replication. Reprint from [131] with a permission from Springer Nature biocompatibility and toxicity of nanoparticles need to be thoroughly evaluated, which often involves lengthy preclinical studies and can delay the progress of nanomedicine development [315]. The limited number of approved nanocarriers in clinical applications can also be attributed to the substantial financial investments required for research, development, and regulatory compliance [309].…”

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Promising Nanomedicine for Cutaneous Wound Treatment

“…These three categories of EVs are different in size: the size of exosomes usually ranges from 50 to 150 nm, microvesicles range from 100 to 1000 nm, and the size of apoptotic bodies is beyond micrometers. Inherent characteristics endow EVs with various functions and promising applications over traditional artificial nanomedicines. − In addition, the functions and applications of EVs can be flexibly improved and broadened via surface modification and cavity packaging. , Recently, EVs have been widely used as biomarkers during liquid biopsy and functional nanocarriers for delivering functional molecules in disease diagnosis, imaging, and treatment. ,− Plenty of studies have confirmed that MSC-derived EVs could play significant roles in skin wound healing. − MSC-derived EVs contribute to the recovery of skin wounds via several significant routes, including reduction of inflammation, elimination of infections, and enhancement of angiogenesis. ,− In comparison to MSCs, MSC-derived EVs demonstrate several outstanding advantages including excellent biocompatibility, good stability, convenient administration, and flexible modification. These characteristics pave the way for wide and promising applications in skin wound repair fields.…”