Exosomes or microvesicles? Two kinds of extracellular vesicles with different routes to modify protozoan-host cell interaction

Abstract

Parasite-host cell interaction can be modulated by a dynamic communication between extracellular vesicles (EVs). They should play key roles in cell-cell communications transferring biomolecules (miRNA, proteins, soluble factors) from one cell to another cell. While many names have been used to denominate EVs, a better comprehension to understand these vesicles is raised when we classify it according to biogenesis: originated from multivesicular bodies, named exosomes, and from plasmatic membranes, denominated microvesicles. Here, we have reviewed EV participation during the protozoan-host cell interaction and reinforced the differences and similarities between exosomes and microvesicles, suggesting different intracellular routes and functions. We also discussed perspectives to study EVs and the role of EVs in diagnosis and chemotherapies of infectious diseases.

Microvesicles produced by natural killer cells of the NK-92 cell line affect the phenotype and functions of endothelial cells of the EA.Hy926 cell line

“…The size of the MVs produced by NK cells of the NK-92 cell line ranged from 210-490 nm, and the peak of the MV quantity distribution was 315 nm. These data complied with our previous work [35] and that of other research groups that ascertained the size of MVs produced by various cells [20,71,75]. The reproducibility of the MV granulometric analysis results obtained in our laboratory at different times has led us to recommend laser correlation analysis as a standard for assessing the isolation purity of these extracellular objects.…”

Dynamic flux of microvesicles modulate parasite-host cell interaction ofTrypanosoma cruziin eukaryotic cells

“…Proteins important for trypomastigote recognition and infection such as surface glycoprotein Tc‐85 and trans ‐sialidase (TS) were detected on MVs from TCT and META interaction with THP‐1 cells (Tables S2, S3, and S5b,c), which may contribute for parasite infectivity (Reviewed by Maeda, Cortez, & Yoshida, ; Yoshida & Cortez, ). In this way, MVs could function as signals that are internalized by host cells even before contact with the parasite as previously proposed by different groups (reviewed in Torrecilhas et al, ; Marcilla et al, ; Evans‐Osses et al, ). In response, changes in host cell metabolism could facilitate the infection by the parasite.…”

“…Over the years, several reports have shown the ability of different protozoan parasites to release EVs that strongly interact with host cells both in vitro and in vivo , resulting in mostly negative modulation or suppression of immune responses to the pathogen (reviewed in Torrecilhas, Schumacher, Alves, & Colli, ; Mantel & Marti, ; Marcilla et al, ; Twu & Johnson, ; Campos et al, ; Coakley, Maizels, & Buck, ; Evans‐Osses, Reichembach, & Ramirez, ). For instance, Trocoli Torrecilhas et al () have demonstrated that EVs from Trypanosoma cruzi infective mammalian tissue culture‐derived trypomastigote (TCT) stage could augment parasite infection of heart tissue, leading to increased animal lethality due to a deleterious inflammatory response.…”

“…Reichembach, & Ramirez, 2015). For instance, Trocoli Torrecilhas et al (2009) have demonstrated that EVs from Trypanosoma cruzi infective mammalian tissue culture-derived trypomastigote (TCT) stage could augment parasite infection of heart tissue, leading to increased animal lethality due to a deleterious inflammatory response.…”

Small Luggage for a Long Journey: Transfer of Vesicle-Enclosed Small RNA in Interspecies Communication

“…In C. elegans , EVs transferred between worms contribute to the specification of male sexual behavior (Wang et al, 2014), while functional EV-associated transcripts encoding a Cre recombinase are shuttled across distant tumors in mice (Zomer et al, 2015). Transfers of EVs and delivery of molecular cargo from human to mouse cultured cells and from the protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi to human erythrocytes have been documented, suggesting that EVs can indeed serve as widespread mediators of interspecies RNA transfers (Valadi et al, 2007; Deolindo et al, 2013; Evans-Osses et al, 2015). …”