Exosomes in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of pulmonary fibrosis

Abstract

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a group of interstitial lung diseases that seriously endanger human life and health. Despite the current advances in research on the pathogenesis and treatment of PF, the overall quality of survival and survival rates of PF patients remain low, prompting the search for more effective therapeutic approaches. Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles with diameters ranging from approximately 30–150 nm, capable of transporting a variety of molecules in the body and mediating intercellular communication. There is an increasing number of studies focusing on the role of exosomes in PF. This review demonstrates the significance of exosomes in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of PF. Exosomes are able to influence inflammatory, immune, and extracellular matrix deposition processes in PF and regulate the corresponding cytokines. Some exosomes detected in sputum, blood, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid may be used as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PF. Exosomes derived from several cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, have demonstrated potential as PF therapeutic agents. Drug delivery systems using exosomes may also provide new insights into PF therapy.

Exosomes as a therapeutic tool to promote neurorestoration and cognitive function in neurological conditions: Achieve two ends with a single effort

“…The endosome buds inwardly and captures specific cytoplasmic molecules that lead to the creation of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) (Figure 2). 36 The ESE is a relatively “large vesicle” and the primitive membrane site, created by the merger of endocytic vesicles containing the tubular extension, which is developed by RAB5, RAB4, RAB7, RAB11, retromer, and caveolae‐1 molecules 43 . The endocytic vesicles are constructed by clathrin‐mediated endocytosis (CME) or clathrin‐independent (CIE) ways 44 .…”

“… 36 The ESE is a relatively “large vesicle” and the primitive membrane site, created by the merger of endocytic vesicles containing the tubular extension, which is developed by RAB5, RAB4, RAB7, RAB11, retromer, and caveolae‐1 molecules. 43 The endocytic vesicles are constructed by clathrin‐mediated endocytosis (CME) or clathrin‐independent (CIE) ways. 44 A part of sorted endosomes may revert to the membrane via “Fast recycling” or “Slow recycling” to recuperate vesicles.…”

Progress in understanding and treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: recent insights and emerging therapies

“…Exosomes are phospholipid bilayer membranous vesicles, measuring between 30 and 150 nm ( Negrete-Garcia et al, 2022 ). Continuously secreted by a variety of cell types, they transport biologically active substances such as proteins, lipids, and genetic material (DNA, mRNA, miRNAs, and lncRNAs) ( Yang et al, 2022 ). Bronchial epithelial cells primarily generate exosomes in the lungs, which activate fibroblasts, stimulate their differentiation into myofibroblasts, and catalyze excessive extracellular matrix component deposition ( Abreu et al, 2021 ).…”

Cancer Development in Hepatocytes by Long-Term Induction of Hypoxic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell (HCC)-Derived Exosomes In Vivo and In Vitro

“…Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely associated with cancer progression, metastasis, and mortality . Some research reports have shown that the high metastasis rate of HCC is not only determined by the malignant potential of HCC itself but is also caused by the signals of TME . However, the specific underlying molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated from both biological and physical perspectives.…”

“…5 Some research reports have shown that the high metastasis rate of HCC is not only determined by the malignant potential of HCC itself but is also caused by the signals of TME. 6 However, the specific underlying molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated from both biological and physical perspectives. An exosome is an extracellular vesicle and is secreted by a cell.…”