Exosomes Could Offer New Options to Combat the Long-Term Complications Inflicted by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

The ability of exosomes to transport different molecular cargoes and their ability to influence various physiological factors is already well known. An exciting area of research explores the functions of exosomes in healthy and pathological pregnancies. Placenta-derived exosomes were identified in the maternal circulation during pregnancy and their contribution in the crosstalk between mother and fetus are now starting to become defined. In this review, we will try to summarize actual knowledge about this topic and to answer the question of how important exosomes are for a healthy pregnancy.

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“…All of them identified candidates suitable for GDM prediction. The usage of exosomes to treat GDM was suggested recently [111].…”

Section: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (Gdm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes as Messengers between Mother and Fetus in Pregnancy

Czernek

Duechler

2020

IJMS

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“…Moreover, EVs derived from syncytiotrophoblast in nonpathological placenta seem to have an impact in resistance pathways of pathogen infection, and, similar to those from epithelial cells and tumors, they can be either tolerogenic or suppressive [ 226 ]. Embryo-derived EVs encapsulate nucleic acids including DNA fragments, microRNA, long non-coding RNA, messenger RNA, and a variety of proteins that can be taken over by cells of the maternal vascular and immune systems and subsequently modulate the pregnancy changes related to maternal physiology [ 227 ]. Various studies have demonstrated that the transmission of some viruses to the fibroblast and endothelial compartments is mediated by the miRNA cluster of the chromosome 19, a cluster which is only expressed in the human placenta, overall limiting the infection by induced autophagy in recipient cells [ 228 ].…”

Section: Viral Infections During Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pregnancy-Related Extracellular Vesicles Revisited

Condrat

Varlas

Duica

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles ranging from 20–200 nm to 10 μm in diameter that are discharged and taken in by many different types of cells. Depending on the nature and quantity of their content—which generally includes proteins, lipids as well as microRNAs (miRNAs), messenger-RNA (mRNA), and DNA—these particles can bring about functional modifications in the receiving cells. During pregnancy, placenta and/or fetal-derived EVs have recently been isolated, eliciting interest in discovering their clinical significance. To date, various studies have associated variations in the circulating levels of maternal and fetal EVs and their contents, with complications including gestational diabetes and preeclampsia, ultimately leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Furthermore, EVs have also been identified as messengers and important players in viral infections during pregnancy, as well as in various congenital malformations. Their presence can be detected in the maternal blood from the first trimester and their level increases towards term, thus acting as liquid biopsies that give invaluable insight into the status of the feto-placental unit. However, their exact roles in the metabolic and vascular adaptations associated with physiological and pathological pregnancy is still under investigation. Analyzing peer-reviewed journal articles available in online databases, the purpose of this review is to synthesize current knowledge regarding the utility of quantification of pregnancy related EVs in general and placental EVs in particular as non-invasive evidence of placental dysfunction and adverse pregnancy outcomes, and to develop the current understanding of these particles and their applicability in clinical practice.

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“…Placental tissue-derived EVs may exert effects on insulin sensitivity in normal and gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancies. Taken together, EVs offer new options for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus [ 81 ]. EV-encapsulated noncoding RNAs can also serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus [ 82 ].…”

Section: Evs and Pregnant Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Placental Inflammation and Local Immune Balance

Wang

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2021

Mediators of Inflammation

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Background. Pregnancy maintenance depends on the formation of normal placentas accompanied by trophoblast invasion and vascular remodeling. Various types of cells, such as trophoblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and adipocytes, mediate cell-to-cell interactions through soluble factors to maintain normal placental development. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are diverse nanosized to microsized membrane-bound particles released from various cells. EVs contain tens to thousands of different RNA, proteins, small molecules, DNA fragments, and bioactive lipids. EV-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins regulate inflammation and trophoblast invasion in the placental microenvironment. Maternal-fetal communication through EV can regulate the key signaling pathways involved in pregnancy maintenance, from implantation to immune regulation. Therefore, EVs and the encapsulating factors play important roles in pregnancy, some of which might be potential biomarkers. Conclusion. In this review, we have summarized published studies about the EVs in the placentation and pregnancy-related diseases. By summarizing the role of EVs and their delivering active molecules in pregnancy-related diseases, it provides novel insight into the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

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Exosomes Could Offer New Options to Combat the Long-Term Complications Inflicted by Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Cited by 22 publications

References 217 publications

Exosomes as Messengers between Mother and Fetus in Pregnancy

Exosomes as Messengers between Mother and Fetus in Pregnancy

Pregnancy-Related Extracellular Vesicles Revisited

Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Placental Inflammation and Local Immune Balance

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