Exosomes as Neurological Nanosized Machines

Pishavar, Elham; Zanotti, Federica; Camponogara, Francesca; Tiengo, Elena; Zanolla, Ilaria; Bonora, Massimo; Zavan, Barbara

doi:10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.1c00062

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 126 publications

(402 reference statements)

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“…[ 110 ] Exosomes that are rich in transmembrane proteins and integrins have the potential to penetrate BBB and function on nerve regeneration and nervous tissue repair, which can induce anti‐apoptosis and anti‐inflammatory effects. [ 111 ] By controllable combination of the “engine” and the therapeutic module via “one‐by‐one” mode, engineered exosome nanomotor can realize “cascading function” in the process of PD treatment (Figure 6E). Specifically, under the concentration gradient of ROS and/or iNOS, this engineered exosome could chemotactically cross BBB and reach the lesion site via multi‐step targeting strategy.…”

Section: Disease Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomedical Micro‐/Nanomotors: Design, Imaging, and Disease Treatment

Liu

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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Untethered mobile micro-/nanomotors (MNMs), as newly-emerging attractive and versatile nanotechnologies, are expected to be the next-generation disease treatment tools, for breaking through the limitations of conventional passive drug delivery manner. However, the advances in these fascinating platforms have been hampered by the complexity of the biological environment and the particularity of disease microenvironment. Consequently, specific design strategies and clinical imaging techniques are essential to ensure the high-efficiency of biomedical MNMs on actuation, targeting, localization, and therapy when performing assigned in vivo tasks. This review thus comprehensively addresses three aspects of biomedical MNMs, including design, imaging, and disease treatment, highlighting the intelligent MNMs with biomimetic functionality and chemotactic capability, emphasizing the applicability of different imaging techniques, and focusing on various proofof-concept studies based on physiological characteristics for the treatment of major diseases. In addition, the key challenges and limitations of current biomedical MNMs are addressed, which may inspire future research and facilitate translation toward clinical treatment.

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Section: Disease Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomedical Micro‐/Nanomotors: Design, Imaging, and Disease Treatment

Liu

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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“…However, results obtained from clinical studies are limited by the poor survival rate of stem cells in the ischemic and inflamed environment, and by their malignant potency [ 97 ]. In light of increasing knowledge about the functionality of EVs released from AT, many studies have recently focused on the beneficial effects of EVs derived from stem cells, rather than on stem cells, per se [ 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 ].…”

Section: Functionalized Adipose Tissue Evs In Cardiovascular Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Epicardial Adipose Tissue Secretome on Cardiovascular Diseases

et al. 2023

Self Cite

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Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with the inflamed and defective adipose tissue (AT) phenotype, and are established risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived lipid membrane vesicles involved in the onset and development of many pathologies, including insulin resistance, diabetes, and CVDs. The inflammation associated with overweight and obesity triggers the transition of the AT secretome from healthy to pathological, with a consequent increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a specialized fat depot that surrounds the heart, in direct contact with the myocardium. Recently, the role of EAT in regulating the physiopathology of many heart diseases has been increasingly explored. In particular, the EAT phenotype and derived EVs have been associated with the onset and exacerbation of CVDs. In this review, we will focus on the role of the AT secretome in the case of CVDs, and will discuss the beneficial effects of EVs released by AT as promising therapeutic candidates.

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“…Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles secreted by various cell types, have attracted increasing interest as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of ischemic stroke. In animal models, exosome treatment has been shown to improve neurological outcomes by promoting neuronal survival, reducing inflammation and apoptosis, enhancing angiogenesis, and facilitating tissue repair and limiting secondary brain damage 11,12 . In addition, exosomes have been demonstrated to stimulate angiogenesis and improve synaptic plasticity, thereby facilitating the restoration of neural circuits 13 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In animal models, exosome treatment has been shown to improve neurological outcomes by promoting neuronal survival, reducing inflammation and apoptosis, enhancing angiogenesis, and facilitating tissue repair and limiting secondary brain damage. 11 , 12 In addition, exosomes have been demonstrated to stimulate angiogenesis and improve synaptic plasticity, thereby facilitating the restoration of neural circuits. 13 Exosome‐based therapy for ischemic stroke is still in the early phases of research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesenchymal stem cell‐derived exosomes: Shaping the next era of stroke treatment

Waseem,

Saudamini,

Haque

et al. 2023

Neuroprotection

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Exosome‐based treatments are gaining traction as a viable approach to addressing the various issues faced by an ischemic stroke. These extracellular vesicles, mainly produced by mesenchymal stem cells, exhibit many properties with substantial therapeutic potential. Exosomes are particularly appealing for stroke therapy because of their low immunogenicity, effective cargo transport, and ability to cross the blood–brain barrier. Their diverse effects include neuroprotection, angiogenesis stimulation, inflammatory response modulation, and cell death pathway attenuation, synergistically promoting neuronal survival, tissue regeneration, and functional recovery. Exosomes also show potential as diagnostic indicators for early stroke identification and customized treatment options. Despite these promising qualities, current exosome‐based therapeutics have some limitations. The heterogeneity of exosome release among cell types, difficulty in standardization and isolation techniques, and complications linked to dosage and targeted administration necessitates extensive investigation. It is critical to thoroughly understand exosomal processes and their complicated interactions within the cellular milieu. To improve the practicality and efficacy of exosome‐based medicines, research efforts must focus on improving production processes, developing robust evaluation criteria, and developing large‐scale isolation techniques. Altogether, exosomes’ multifunctional properties offer a new route for transforming stroke treatment and significantly improving patient outcomes.

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Exosomes as Neurological Nanosized Machines

Cited by 9 publications

References 126 publications

Biomedical Micro‐/Nanomotors: Design, Imaging, and Disease Treatment

Biomedical Micro‐/Nanomotors: Design, Imaging, and Disease Treatment

Role of Epicardial Adipose Tissue Secretome on Cardiovascular Diseases

Mesenchymal stem cell‐derived exosomes: Shaping the next era of stroke treatment

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