Exosomes and Exosomal miRNA in Respiratory Diseases

Abstract

Exosomes are nanosized vesicles released from every cell in the body including those in the respiratory tract and lungs. They are found in most body fluids and contain a number of different biomolecules including proteins, lipids, and both mRNA and noncoding RNAs. Since they can release their contents, particularly miRNAs, to both neighboring and distal cells, they are considered important in cell-cell communication. Recent evidence has shown their possible importance in the pathogenesis of several pulmonary diseases. The differential expression of exosomes and of exosomal miRNAs in disease has driven their promise as biomarkers of disease enabling noninvasive clinical diagnosis in addition to their use as therapeutic tools. In this review, we summarize recent advances in this area as applicable to pulmonary diseases.

RNA Profiling Analysis of the Serum Exosomes Derived from Patients with Active and Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

“…These membrane-enclosed vesicles (range in size from 30 to 150 nm) play important roles in signal transduction (e.g., immune regulation) (Alipoor et al, 2016), material transportation (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and other biochemicals) (Théry, 2011), and cellular “trash bags” for elimination of excess intracellular substances (Subramanian et al, 2016). …”

Circulating MicroRNA-19b Identified From Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture Patients Increases Bone Formation

“…Plenty of studies have pointed to the involvement of miRNAs in various diseases, including cancer, (3)(4)(5)(6) heart diseases, (7,8) lung diseases, (9,10) nervous system disorders, (11,12) and even genetic diseases. (13)(14)(15) MicroRNAs can be transported in the extracellular circulation in several ways, including: (1) complexed with highdensity lipoproteins (HDL) or the Ago2 protein; (16) (2) encapsulated within microvesicles; (17) (3) accumulated in apoptotic bodies; (18) and (4) packaged within exosomes.…”

Differentialin vivobiodistribution of131I-labeled exosomes from diverse cellular origins and its implication in the theranostic application

“…The initial concept of exosomes as “garbage bag” has been changed drastically as now exosomes are thought to be an integral part of intercellular communication. At any given time point, exosomes can contain all known bioactive constituents of a cell, including proteins, lipids and nucleic acid [3-7]. Besides their physiological functions such as maintenance of cellular-stemness, immunity [8, 9], tissue homeostasis, protein clearance [10], signaling [11, 12]; exosomes contribute to the pathophysiology of several diseases.…”

“…The tumor cell-derived exosomes (TDEs) are capable of altering the tumor microenvironment (TME) by stimulating the secretion of growth factors and cytokines from TME associated cells. Thus TDEs play an imperative role in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) [3], immune escape [13], tumorigenesis, tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, cancer stemness, tumor drug resistance [14]. TDEs arbitrate tumor-associated immune suppression [15] and trigger pre-metastatic niche formation, acclimated to cancer-cell seeding prior the arrival of the first cancer cells [16].…”