There is nearly a century of history behind radiotherapy (RT), which has evolved from discovery to widespread use in clinically significant tumors. Currently, with an estimated 50% of cancer patients receiving RT, radioactive rays such as X-rays are commonly used to weaken the viability of tumor cells before surgery and facilitate radical cure after tumor resection, potentially lowering the risk of cancer recurrence and metastasis. 1 The damage effects of radiation are accomplished by ionizing reactions and initiating biochemical responses in the body, which occur first in the cell, the nucleus, and then causes necrosis and apoptosis. The cellular response to radiation is separated into physical, chemical, and biological reaction stages. This is followed by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which contributes to the chemical changes in DNA materials in the nucleus including base destruction, enzyme damage, single-stranded and double-stranded