Exosome: A New Player in Translational Nanomedicine

Abstract

Summary: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released by the vast majority of cell types both in vivo and ex vivo, upon the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the cellular plasma membrane. Two main functions have been attributed to exosomes: their capacity to transport proteins, lipids and nucleic acids between cells and organs, as well as their potential to act as natural intercellular communicators in normal biological processes and in pathologies. From a clinical perspective, the majority of applications use exosomes as biomarkers of disease. A new approach uses exosomes as biologically active carriers to provide a platform for the enhanced delivery of cargo in vivo. One of the major limitations in developing exosome-based therapies is the difficulty of producing sufficient amounts of safe and efficient exosomes. The identification of potential proteins involved in exosome biogenesis is expected to directly cause a deliberate increase in exosome production. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding exosomes, with particular emphasis on their structural features, biosynthesis pathways, production techniques and potential clinical applications.

Skin Immunomodulation during Regeneration: Emerging New Targets

“…Increasing evidences have shown that Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSCs) and ADSCs release enriched exosomes as actors in cell-to-cell and intracellular communications through transporting a wide range of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids in normal and pathological processes. They are orchestrated through a Syntenin pathway, the endosomal-sorting complex required for transport ESCRT-dependent and two other ESCRT-independent pathways (Tetraspanins and Ceramide) [ 37 ]. Invagination of plasma membrane (PM) form endosomes by fusion of several primary vesicles.…”

“…Exosomes can be generated during stem cell expansion culture and similarly from waste products of large-scale biotechnological culture media [ 37 , 51 , 52 ]. However, the long-term culture expansions were largely reported to impact stem cell characteristics in terms of proliferation and differentiation ability, their gene expression profile and exosomes secretion [ 37 , 53 ].…”

“…These exosomes represent the signaling pathways between and within cells, thus promoting and accelerating skin regeneration [ 10 , 24 , 26 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Actually, exosome’s cargo is widely accepted as the main actor in cell regeneration, and their composition remains complex and impacted by cell networking and microenvironmental priming [ 36 , 37 ] giving rise to potential new markers involved in cell proliferation, healing, immunomodulation, and aging.…”

Exosomes: Their Role in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases

“…Exosomes are now regarded as new players in regenerative medicine due to their therapeutic capacity and their potential as noninvasive biomarkers for early diagnosis; the evaluation of treatment efficacy and monitoring of the progression of cancer, neurodegenerative, metabolic and infectious diseases [ 5 , 305 ]. They offer a simple method for the molecular analysis of biofluids that reduces invasive surgery and promotes more precise medical interventions.…”

“…Membrane-bound and heterogeneous extracellular vesicles (EVs) were initially considered anecdotal examples of cell debris or apoptotic bodies released by the majority of cells [ 1 ]. EVs are now regarded as key diagnostic tools [ 2 , 3 , 4 ] and therapeutic agents [ 5 ]. EVs facilitate communication processes between near and distant cells.…”