Exopolysaccharides From Streptococcus thermophilus ST538 Modulate the Antiviral Innate Immune Response in Porcine Intestinal Epitheliocytes

Mizuno, Hiroya; Tomotsune, Kae; Islam, M. S.; Funabashi, Ryutaro; Albarracín, Leonardo; Ikeda-Ohtsubo, Wakako; Aso, Hisashi; Takahashi, Hideki; Kimura, Katsunori; Villena, Julio; Sasaki, Yasuko; Kitazawa, Haruki

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.00894

Cited by 30 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Piglets with high intestinal concentrations of S. suis can serve as a source of transmission and infection between animals and farms (reviewed in [ 39 ]). In general Streptococcus are less abundant in more-feed efficient pigs [ 37 ], although there are also evidences of the immunomodulatory properties of members of Streptococcus genus, such as Streptococcus thermophilus , considered beneficial for the organism [ 40 – 42 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leveraging host-genetics and gut microbiota to determine immunocompetence in pigs

et al. 2021

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Background The gut microbiota influences host performance playing a relevant role in homeostasis and function of the immune system. The aim of the present work was to identify microbial signatures linked to immunity traits and to characterize the contribution of host-genome and gut microbiota to the immunocompetence in healthy pigs. Results To achieve this goal, we undertook a combination of network, mixed model and microbial-wide association studies (MWAS) for 21 immunity traits and the relative abundance of gut bacterial communities in 389 pigs genotyped for 70K SNPs. The heritability (h2; proportion of phenotypic variance explained by the host genetics) and microbiability (m2; proportion of variance explained by the microbial composition) showed similar values for most of the analyzed immunity traits, except for both IgM and IgG in plasma that was dominated by the host genetics, and the haptoglobin in serum which was the trait with larger m2 (0.275) compared to h2 (0.138). Results from the MWAS suggested a polymicrobial nature of the immunocompetence in pigs and revealed associations between pigs gut microbiota composition and 15 of the analyzed traits. The lymphocytes phagocytic capacity (quantified as mean fluorescence) and the total number of monocytes in blood were the traits associated with the largest number of taxa (6 taxa). Among the associations identified by MWAS, 30% were confirmed by an information theory network approach. The strongest confirmed associations were between Fibrobacter and phagocytic capacity of lymphocytes (r = 0.37), followed by correlations between Streptococcus and the percentage of phagocytic lymphocytes (r = -0.34) and between Megasphaera and serum concentration of haptoglobin (r = 0.26). In the interaction network, Streptococcus and percentage of phagocytic lymphocytes were the keystone bacterial and immune-trait, respectively. Conclusions Overall, our findings reveal an important connection between gut microbiota composition and immunity traits in pigs, and highlight the need to consider both sources of information, host genome and microbial levels, to accurately characterize immunocompetence in pigs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leveraging host-genetics and gut microbiota to determine immunocompetence in pigs

et al. 2021

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“…For instance, an EPS produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii OLL1073R-1 activated the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and the expression of interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β, MxA, and RNase L in porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells, which was associated with the innate antiviral immune response (77). Mizuno et al (98) reported that an EPS from Streptococcus thermophilus ST538 can activate TLR3, thus promoting the expression of IFN-β, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10). Antiviral bacterial polysaccharides are also shown in Table 1.…”

Section: Antiviral Polysaccharides From Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, an EPS extracted from S. thermophilus ST538 was able to induce the expression of IFNβ, IL-6, and CXCL10 in response to TLR3 stimulation. These immune factors are associated with antiviral immune responses, which induce the recruitment and activation of immune cells to struggle pathogens (98). Moreover, L. delbrueckii OLL1073R-1 produced immunomodulatory EPS.…”

Section: Modulating Host Antiviral Immune Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Antiviral Activity of Bacterial, Fungal, and Algal Polysaccharides as Bioactive Ingredients: Potential Uses for Enhancing Immune Systems and Preventing Viruses

et al. 2021

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Viral infections may cause serious human diseases. For instance, the recent appearance of the novel virus, SARS-CoV-2, causing COVID-19, has spread globally and is a serious public health concern. The consumption of healthy, proper, functional, and nutrient-rich foods has an important role in enhancing an individual's immune system and preventing viral infections. Several polysaccharides from natural sources such as algae, bacteria, and fungi have been considered as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration. They are safe, low-toxicity, biodegradable, and have biological activities. In this review, the bioactive polysaccharides derived from various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and algae were evaluated. Antiviral mechanisms of these polysaccharides were discussed. Finally, the potential use of microbial and algal polysaccharides as an antiviral and immune boosting strategy was addressed. The microbial polysaccharides exhibited several bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities. Some microbes are able to produce sulfated polysaccharides, which are well-known to exert a board spectrum of biological activities, especially antiviral properties. Microbial polysaccharide can inhibit various viruses using different mechanisms. Furthermore, these microbial polysaccharides are also able to modulate immune responses to prevent and/or inhibit virus infections. There are many molecular factors influencing their bioactivities, e.g., functional groups, conformations, compositions, and molecular weight. At this stage of development, microbial polysaccharides will be used as adjuvants, nutrient supplements, and for drug delivery to prevent several virus infections, especially SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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“…Structurally, the repeating units of the EPSs from LAB might be linear or highly branched, with the molecular weight (Mw) of the EPSs up to about 10 6 Da [3]. These EPSs have been shown to possess various bioactivities, such as antitumor [4], immunomodulation, interfering with adhesion of pathogens, inhibiting proliferation of the human colon cancer cell line, and improving resistance against viral infections [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and In Vitro Fecal Microbiota Regulatory Activity of a Low-Molecular-Weight Exopolysaccharide Produced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NMGL2

Yao

Zhang

Lai

et al. 2022

Foods

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The exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NMGL2 isolated from traditional fermented dairy cheese was purified chromatographically with DEAE-Sepharose and Sepharose CL-6B columns. The purified EPS was characterized by various physicochemical methods and in vitro fecal microbiota regulation assay. The results showed that the EPS had a relatively low molecular weight of 3.03 × 104 Da, and it had a relatively high degradation temperature of 245 °C as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. Observation of the EPS by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy revealed a highly branched and tangled fibrous network microstructure with many hollow microtubules and spherical particles. Structural study by 1H NMR spectroscopy suggested that the EPS contained a tetrasaccharide repeating unit with monosaccharide components of β-galactose (4.6%), α-glucose (20.6%), and α-mannose (74.8%). The EPS was highly resistant to hydrolysis of simulated human saliva, gastric, and intestinal juices. Moreover, the EPS beneficially affected the composition and diversity of the fecal microbiota, e.g., increasing the relative abundance of Firmicutes and inhibiting that of Proteobacteria. The results of this study indicated significant bioactivity of this novel low-molecular-weight EPS produced by Lpb. plantarum NMGL2, which could serve as a bioactive agent for potential applications in the food and health care industry.

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Exopolysaccharides From Streptococcus thermophilus ST538 Modulate the Antiviral Innate Immune Response in Porcine Intestinal Epitheliocytes

Cited by 30 publications

References 55 publications

Leveraging host-genetics and gut microbiota to determine immunocompetence in pigs

Leveraging host-genetics and gut microbiota to determine immunocompetence in pigs

The Antiviral Activity of Bacterial, Fungal, and Algal Polysaccharides as Bioactive Ingredients: Potential Uses for Enhancing Immune Systems and Preventing Viruses

Characterization and In Vitro Fecal Microbiota Regulatory Activity of a Low-Molecular-Weight Exopolysaccharide Produced by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NMGL2

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