Exopolysaccharides from marine bacteria: production, recovery and applications

Advances in exopolysaccharide production from marine bacteria

“…It has been suggested that the mechanisms of viral inhibition are related to the molecular weight of the sulfated EPS and to the interactions between the virus and the target membrane, either by impairing the virus‐cell attachment or due to the differences and interactions of charge that exist between them, thus preventing the penetration of the virus into the host cell 106,109 . Many EPS have been reported as anticancer agents that prevent the development of tumor cells; this is also related to the presence of anionic groups in the molecule that have cytotoxic effects on different human cancer cell lines and enhance the medical potential of EPS 105,112 . Sulfated EPS produced by many marine bacteria, such as Vibrio sp.…”

“…TG12 and SM9913, Anabaena sp. , Nostoc sp., Calothrix sp., Chryseomonas sp., Plectonema sp., Marinobacter sp., among others 15,29,105,106,113 …”

“…They are able to compete with polysaccharides from plants and algae due to their novel functions, reproducible physicochemical and structural properties, degree of purity, and their ability to be tailor-made; this flexibility is due to the availability of genetic techniques and the development of engineering metabolic pathways to design new and novel specialty-made biopolymers with properties of interest to the industry, in addition to being considered as GRAS (Generally Regarded As Safe) materials. 15,33,105 Marine EPS are produced by various marine bacteria, mainly of the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Pseudoalteromonas, Acinetobacter, Cobetia, Halomonas, Hyphomonas, Colwellia, Vibrio, Planococcus, Polaribacter, Enterobacter, Shewanella, Alteromonas, Idiomarina, Rhodococcus, Planococcus, Zoogloea, Pontibacter, Cyanobacteria, Exiguobacterium, Kocuria, Geobacillus, Marinobacter, among others; 1,105,106 they have many potential applications in many fields, depending on their nature, composition, and structure, and these fields include medicine and pharmaceuticals (immune regulation, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, and antiviral properties), food and cosmetic additives (thickening, viscosity, gelling, suspending, and emulsifying agents), bioremediation (flocculation, absorption, oil recovery, heavy metal removal, biosurfactants), source of sugar monomers to produce biofuels and biochemicals, and the agriculture, detergent, paint, paper, and textile industries, among others. 1,15,[105][106][107][108][109][110][111] The main fields of biotechnological and industrial application of EPS are described in the following sections, emphasizing the fields of medicine, bioremediation, food, and source of sugars.…”

“…106,109 Many EPS have been reported as anticancer agents that prevent the development of tumor cells; this is also related to the presence of anionic groups in the molecule that have cytotoxic effects on different human cancer cell lines and enhance the medical potential of EPS. 105,112 Sulfated EPS produced by many marine bacteria, such as Vibrio sp. and Pseudomonas sp., have shown antitumor activity that is of medical interest.…”

“…and Pseudomonas sp., have shown antitumor activity that is of medical interest. 15,29,105,108 For instance, Asker et al 61 isolated several marine bacteria that produced EPS and decreased the viability of HepG2 cells in different manners when different concentrations of EPS were evaluated (125-1000 μg/mL). The marine bacteria belonged to the genera Brenvundimonas, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Advenella, and the chemical composition of the EPS produced by them was demonstrated to be sulfated.…”