Exogenous Ochronosis Following Self Medication of Topical Hydroquinone : A Case Report and Review of Literature

Saini, R.P.; Budhwar, Jyoti; Kumar, Sneh

doi:10.12816/0025634

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 6 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…Maxfield et al 83 53/female III 3% hydroquinone 18 months Hyperpigmentation Saini et al 84 29/female V 4% hydroquinone 2 years Hyperpigmentation Le Borgne et al 85 47/female V Undisclosed hydroquinone % 2 months Hyperpigmentation Chang et al 86 50/female V 6% hydroquinone Several years Hyperpigmentation Tomasini et al 87 42/female IV Unspecified hydroquinone 5 years Hyperpigmentation Desai et al 88 22/female Unspecified Unspecified hydroquinone 10 years Hyperpigmentation Findlay et al 6 30-39 range/ unspecified VI (100%) 8% hydroquinone 8 years Hyperpigmentation ª 2021 the International Society of Dermatology International Journal of Dermatology 2022, 61, 675-684…”

Section: -14 Years Hyperpigmentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exogenous ochronosis associated with hydroquinone: a systematic review

Ishack

Lipner

2021

Int J Dermatology

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Exogenous ochronosis is a potential side effect associated with hydroquinone, and treatment is often unsatisfactory. Our study objectives were to review data on hydroquinone-associated ochronosis to determine risk factors for patients experiencing this adverse event. On September 27, 2020 (MEDLINE/PubMed), and October 30, 2020 (Scopus and Web of Science), databases were searched for "ochronosis + hydroquinone" by both authors to reduce risk basis. PRISMA reporting guidelines were used to select 56 articles with a total of 126 patients with hydroquinone-associated ochronosis. Included articles described hydroquinone-associated ochronosis. Articles were excluded if they had irrelevant content, were non-English language text, and were non-case studies. Full text articles were assessed and recorded. Cross-tabulation analysis was performed on categorical data, and Fisher exact test was performed. Ochronosis was most often reported in middle-aged women (53.2%), of African descent (45.2%), Black races (55.5%), and Fitzpatrick skin types V-VI (52.4%). It was most frequently reported with unknown and hydroquinone concentrations greater than 4% (32.5 and 35.7% cases, respectively). Median duration of use was 5 years, with only four cases reported with courses 3 months or shorter and eight cases reported with use 1 year or less. All patients presented with facial blue-black or gray-blue macules in a reticulate, lacelike fashion. Histopathology consistently showed solar elastosis and brownish-yellow, 'banana-shaped' fibers between degenerated collagen fibers of the papillary dermis. Based on these findings, we conclude that hydroquinone in concentrations above 4% and in treatment courses longer than 3 months may be associated with new-onset ochronosis.

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Section: -14 Years Hyperpigmentationmentioning

confidence: 99%