Exogenous Carbohydrate Reduces Cortisol Response from Combined Mental and Physical Stress

McAllister, Matthew J.; Webb, Heather E.; Tidwell, D.K.; Smith, JohnEric W.; Fountain, Brent J.; Schilling, M. Wes; Williams, R. D.

doi:10.1055/s-0042-113467

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In regards to S-CORT, both of these findings are perhaps attributed to the fact that cortisol is a slow-acting hormone that can be impacted by time of day and a number of confounding factors [ 19 ]. In order to detect changes in cortisol levels in response to acute psychological and/or physical stress, it is generally ideal to have the participants rest quietly and attempt to avoid exposure to stressors for at least 60 min prior to an intervention [ 20 ]. It is also possible that participants may anticipate psychological stress in a laboratory or field setting and fail to establish a baseline for cortisol measurement due to anticipation [ 15 , 21 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active Shooter Training Drill Increases Blood and Salivary Markers of Stress

McAllister

Martaindale

Rentería

2020

IJERPH

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Police officers are frequently engaged in a variety of high-stress scenarios, such as high-speed chases and other suspect conflicts, that cause significant increases in a variety of physiological and psychological stress markers. The purpose of this study was to investigate salivary and blood markers of stress in response to an active shooter training drill (ASD). Thirty-one participants (n = 31; males = 15, females = 16; Age: 21 ± 3.5 years) participated in an ASD involving professional actors playing the role of one active gunman, as well as four victims. The ASD lasted approximately 50 s. Blood samples were collected 15 min prior as well as after the ASD and analyzed for epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) levels. Saliva samples were collected 30 and 5 min prior to the ASD and 5 and 30 min after the ASD, were analyzed for cortisol, α-amylase, and secretory immunoglobulin-A (SigA). The ASD resulted in significant (p < 0.05) increases in EPI, α-amylase, and SigA levels. The increase in NE from pre to post ASD approached significance (p = 0.06). These results demonstrate that a short duration (~50 s) ASD results in significant increases in both blood and salivary markers of stress. These data may provide meaningful implications for those engaged in high-stress tactical occupations, especially law enforcement and military personnel, as chronic exposure to such occupational stressors can contribute to cardiometabolic disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Active Shooter Training Drill Increases Blood and Salivary Markers of Stress

McAllister

Martaindale

Rentería

2020

IJERPH

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“…To approximate typical diet quality, subjects completed 24 h dietary recalls using an automated and self-administered system [51] during the pre-intervention period. Three unannounced 24 h dietary recalls were administered wherein participants input their intake for the previous 24 h. Once entered, dietary data were quantified into specific nutrient and food categories, including the major macronutrients carbohydrate, fat, and protein, each of which was shown to influence stress-associated glucocorticoid concentrations [17,52,53]. Success in dieting or adopting new dietary habits may depend on an individual’s eating behavior characteristics, making them more or less vulnerable to successful behavioral change.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing Dietary Carbohydrate as Part of a Healthy Whole Food Diet Intervention Dampens Eight Week Changes in Salivary Cortisol and Cortisol Responsiveness

2019

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It is largely unknown whether and how whole food diets influence psychological stress and stress system responsiveness. To better understand the effects of whole diets on stress system responsiveness, we examined randomized control trial effects of a whole food diet based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) on cortisol responsiveness. A randomized, double-blind, controlled 8-week intervention was conducted in overweight and obese women to examine differentiated effects between two diet intervention groups: one based on the 2010 DGA and the other one based on a typical American diet (TAD). During a test week that occurred at baseline and again after 8 weeks of the intervention, we assessed salivary cortisol collected at 14 selected times across the day, including upon awakening, at bedtime, and during a test visit, and administered a standardized social stress task (Trier Social Stress Test, TSST). There were no statistical differences between the diet groups in salivary cortisol at baseline or after 8 weeks. However, when considering differences in dietary carbohydrate, but not fat or protein, from the pre-intervention (habitual) to the intervention period, there was a significant (P = 0.0001) interaction between diet group, intervention week, saliva sample, and level of intervention-based change in carbohydrate consumption. This interaction was reflected primarily by an 8-week reduction in salivary cortisol during a period just prior to (log Δ −0.35 ± 0.12 nmol/L) and 30 (log Δ −0.49 ± 0.12 nmol/L), 60 (log Δ −0.50 ± 0.13 nmol/L), 90 (log Δ −0.51 ± 0.13 nmol/L), and 120 (log Δ −0.4476 ± 0.1231 nmol/L) min after the TSST in the DGA group having the highest increase (90th percentile) in carbohydrate consumption. In support of this finding, we also found significant (P < 0.05) and inverse linear associations between dietary carbohydrate and log salivary cortisol, with the strongest negative association (β: −0.004 ± 0.0015, P = 0.009) occurring at 30 min post-TSST, but only in the DGA group and at week 9 of the intervention. Together, increasing dietary carbohydrate as part of a DGA-based diet may reduce circulating cortisol and dampen psychological stress-related cortisol responsiveness.

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“…Blood was drawn into an EDTA anticoagulant sealed vacutainer and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1000 g at 4°C and stored at −80°C. Plasma samples were analyzed per assay instructions for glucose (Pointe Scientific), as previously performed by our laboratory, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) (R & D systems), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), which is expressed in units of malondialdehyde (MDA) equivalents (Cayman Chemical), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) which is expressed as trolox equivalents (Cayman Chemical) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) Cayman Chemical) . Absorbance was read using an iMark Bio‐Rad microplate absorbance reader (Life Science Research).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of carbohydrate restriction on oxidative stress response to high‐intensity resistance exercise

et al. 2019

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Ketogenic diets consisting of >70% dietary intake from lipids may induce favorable shifts in the redox environment such as reduced markers of oxidative stress (OS). However, a diet with such low dietary carbohydrate intake is difficult to sustain for long periods of time. This study investigated the effects of a low‐carbohydrate, high‐fat (LCHF) diet on markers of OS before and after high‐intensity resistance exercise (HIRE). The HIRE protocol involved five rounds of back squat, deadlift, and bench press completed in respective order and in a descending ladder (10, 8, 6, 4, 2 repetitions) with minimal to no rest. The LCHF diet was 15 days of >50% of calories from fat, ≥25% of calories from protein, and ≤25% of calories from carbohydrates. Blood was sampled before exercise, immediately post‐exercise, and 60 minutes post‐exercise and analyzed for total antioxidant capacity (TAC), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glucose. The exercise protocol increased (P < .05) plasma levels of glucose, TNF‐α, and MDA. There was a significant increase in MDA from pre to post exercise following the western diet but not the LCHF condition. The LCHF diet did not significantly impact any other blood marker of OS.

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Exogenous Carbohydrate Reduces Cortisol Response from Combined Mental and Physical Stress

Cited by 15 publications

References 34 publications

Active Shooter Training Drill Increases Blood and Salivary Markers of Stress

Active Shooter Training Drill Increases Blood and Salivary Markers of Stress

Increasing Dietary Carbohydrate as Part of a Healthy Whole Food Diet Intervention Dampens Eight Week Changes in Salivary Cortisol and Cortisol Responsiveness

Effect of carbohydrate restriction on oxidative stress response to high‐intensity resistance exercise

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