“…The conceptualization of the OC often draws on the ideals of the Open Society-a concept introduced by Popper (1945) that refers to an inclusive, liberal, and tolerant society with democratic and transparent institutions. Understandings of openness derive from the Enlightenment and evoke a range of associations with diversity and inclusivity (Ipsen, 2005;Sennett, 2007); impartiality and acceptance (Lundgren and Westlund, 2017); accessibility (Friedmann, 2002;Gleeson, 2001;Schmid, 2012); participation and political transparency (Moore, 2018;Rolshoven, 2014), etc.…”