Existing Smog in Lahore, Pakistan: An Alarming Public Health Concern

Riaz, Ramsha; Hamid, Khizar

doi:10.7759/cureus.2111

Cited by 30 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The highest level of PM2.5 was found in the Data Darbar area (90µg/m3) and the second highest was at Gawal Mandi area (85.5 µg/m3). The average of the PM10 comes out to be 244µg/m3, whereas the WHO recommendation is 50µg/m3 [8,1]. The measured amount being almost 5 times the safe limit described.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

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Particulate Matters, (PM) 2.5, 1, and 10 Measurements in Lahore and Indication of Their Harmful Effects on the Ocular Epithelium

Aslam¹,

Yusuf²,

Hafeez³

et al. 2020

SJM

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Introduction: This study stresses upon the importance of protecting the eyes from chemicals and particulate matter in the atmosphere of our cities and the possible harmful effects this can have on adults and the future generations. Objective: This study endeavors to point out the harmful chemicals and the presence of dangerous particulate matters in the air and the possibility of its effects on the ocular functioning. Study Design: This was a cross sectional study. Setting: This study was carried out in specific areas in Lahore, Pakistan. Time Duration: As it was a cross sectional study so the data was collected in a 12 hour period in various specific areas of Lahore. Method: A purpose built monitoring device was used to take pollutant readings at various sites in Lahore. Result: The levels of PM2.5, PM1 and PM10 were all above the WHO recommended standards in all areas in Lahore. The heaviest concentration was at Data Darbar which is incidentally most crowded area as well. Conclusion: There is heavy and constant exposure to the eyes of these particulate matters especially the fine, PM2.5 chemicals which are highly injurious to the eyes in addition to the lungs, heart and the central nervous system.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…In our country winters are more troublesome as indoor wood and kerosene oil are burnt for cooking and mostly within the confines of the dwellings which leads to a polluted atmosphere within the house and a severe health hazard to the occupants of the rooms [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particulate Matters, (PM) 2.5, 1, and 10 Measurements in Lahore and Indication of Their Harmful Effects on the Ocular Epithelium

Aslam¹,

Yusuf²,

Hafeez³

et al. 2020

SJM

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“…(2017) that the city's annual average of particulate matter (PM2.5) for last five years was 136.5 ± 34.1 μg/m 3 which is alarmingly 14 times higher than WHO guidelines. This issue has rightly been pointed out by scholars for immediate attention by the government (Riaz and Hamid, 2018). Not only smog, Lahore's innocent situation in purview of climate change has been documented by many other researchers (Sajjad et al, 2009(Sajjad et al, , 2015Syed and Ahmed, 2014;Brown et al, 2015).…”

Section: Wwweuraasscommentioning

confidence: 97%

Is Lahore's urban system ready to sustain climate change? The case in Pakistan

Nawaz

Akbar

2020

Eur J. Clim Ch.

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Lahore, the second largest city of Pakistan and home to more than 12 million people with annual population growth rate of 2.4%, has experienced deadly smog duration since last three years. Climate Change is a global challenge and administrations in major cities around the globe have started addressing the issue on top level. Lahore has also seen establishment and operation of various public sector institutions/offices which explicitly or implicitly claim to help Lahore sustain changing needs of urban system due to climate change. However, little is documented yet whether how effective have these interventions been at institutional level. This paper investigates policies, plans, procedures and regulations (whichever available) for seven relevant government offices on the basis of five key assessment areas to explore whether Lahore’s urban system is ready to sustain the challenge of Climate Change. The investigation covers the debate on policy to the plan level. Institutional abilities of selected government offices have been analyzed to ascertain their efficacy. In essence; the capacity of current system has been documented, the gaps in the system have been outlined and the prospective solutions for the way forward have been suggested in this study.

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“…Pakistan is also suffering from the drastic effects of environmental changes, the winter smog condition in Lahore and other Punjab is no doubt due to these changes, which are mostly referred to the cutting of trees, burning the remaining of the wheat crop in Indian Punjab (Abas et al, 2019c), increased fuel consumption, and waste gases from industries (Niaz and Zhou, 2014;Riaz and Hamid, 2018). This has increased the amount of CO 2 and GHG emissions in the air and caused long summer days and smog conditions due to increasing GWP in Pakistan.…”

Section: Reducing Global Warming and Climate Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Business Model Canvas for Solar Thermal Air Conditioners

et al. 2021

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Growing populations, burgeoning economies, and technology-driven lifestyles demand an increasing supply of energy. The existing energy supply pattern primarily depends on fossil fuels that have initiated climate change–provoking myriad problems. Integration of renewable energy sources in the existing energy supply system is a complex and challenging task keeping in view the depleting fossil fuels and prevailing environmental challenges. The existing cold storage farms are working on traditional compressors and the HVAC system, causing more use of electricity. Similarly, existing data centers and supermarkets are also using conventional refrigerants. These systems also use hazardous environmental refrigerants, which make these systems more dangerous. In the summer season, comfort cooling and refrigeration requirements rise to peak in hot climate areas forcing utilities to supply more electrical energy to meet the demand. Therefore, a solar thermal cooling system employing a solar absorption chiller operated through a hot water stream generated by a solar evacuated glass tube collector with CO2 as a refrigerant is simulated in the TRNSYS® simulation environment. The results are generated for the hot climate of Multan, Pakistan, and the average obtained temperatures of the three rooms, cold storage, office, and kitchen room, were 18.43, 26.25, and 29.83°C, respectively. However, every startup or new idea needs a proper business model before entering into the market. This article offers a complete insight and a future perspective for the reader to develop a precise business model for the commercialization of his or her project. A business model is designed for solar thermal air conditioners for domestic, cold storage, and data centers applications in the world, after reviewing and interviewing manufacturers and customer segment in air conditioning fields. Data were collected through semi-structured one-to-one interviews from a convenient sample of 10 national and international respondents, and their views were thematically analyzed. The implementation of a business model using a case for the Pakistani market is presented. A business model for a solar cooling system utilizing abundant CO2 as a refrigerant is presented in this article. This business model is equally suitable for designing a business model for any renewable energy product in the world.

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Existing Smog in Lahore, Pakistan: An Alarming Public Health Concern

Cited by 30 publications

References 5 publications

Particulate Matters, (PM) 2.5, 1, and 10 Measurements in Lahore and Indication of Their Harmful Effects on the Ocular Epithelium

Particulate Matters, (PM) 2.5, 1, and 10 Measurements in Lahore and Indication of Their Harmful Effects on the Ocular Epithelium

Is Lahore's urban system ready to sustain climate change? The case in Pakistan

Application of Business Model Canvas for Solar Thermal Air Conditioners

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