Existing and Novel Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering

Abstract

The treatment of bone defects remains one of the major challenges in modern clinical practice. Nowadays, with the increased incidence of bone disease in an aging population, the demand for materials to repair bone defects continues to grow. Recent advances in the development of biomaterials offer new possibilities for exploring modern bone tissue engineering strategies. Both natural and synthetic biomaterials have been used for tissue repair. A variety of porous structures that promote cell adhesion, differentiation, and proliferation enable better implant integration with increasingly better physical properties. The selection of a suitable biomaterial on which the patient’s new tissue will grow is one of the key issues when designing a modern tissue scaffold and planning the entire treatment process. The purpose of this article is to present a comprehensive literature review of existing and novel biomaterials used in the surgical treatment of bone tissue defects. The materials described are divided into three groups—organic, inorganic, and synthetic polymers—taking into account current trends. This review highlights different types of existing and novel natural and synthetic materials used in bone tissue engineering and their advantages and disadvantages for bone defects regeneration.

Bone implant substitutes from synthetic polymer and reduced graphene oxide: Current perspective

“…The former method has been extensively used in earlier studies to measure direct and indirect cytotoxicity. 36…”

Infantile hemangioma models: is the needle in a haystack?

“…The needs of interactions between cells and between cells and the matrix can be met by three-dimensional cell culture technology, which can also give IH cells an environment for growth in vitro that is similar to that found in vivo [ 93 ]. To improve the structure and function of mesenchymal scaffolds in various tissue applications, to repair the vascular system after injury, to improve the recovery of parenchymal tissue after injury and to produce and deliver soluble proteins, the implantation of porous scaffolds into various cell models has gradually been used in tissue regeneration medicine in recent years [ 94 , 95 ]. In addition, implantation of cells into a three-dimensional scaffold has been used to improve cell survival, including processes such as angiogenesis, cell migration, invasion, differentiation, and tumor formation, by creating a microenvironment similar to that of the human body [ 96 , 97 ].…”

Advances and Trends of Photoresponsive Hydrogels for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…Tissue-engineered scaffolds can serve as carriers for seed cells or drugs/cytokines, regulate degradation profiles, and deliver functional cargo to specific tissues at different time scales. Although there has been progress in using these scaffolds to repair bone defects, the construction of an ideal platform that better mimics the natural process of bone regeneration remains challenging . Notably, with the growing demand for personalized pharmacotherapy and precision medicine, stimuli-responsive hydrogels capable of responding to external/internal stimuli have received attention in the field of BTE. − …”