Exhaust energy recovery via catalytic ammonia decomposition to hydrogen for low carbon clean vehicles

Abstract

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Review on Ammonia as a Potential Fuel: From Synthesis to Economics

“…To enable H 2 to support ammonia combustion, the solution of making hydrogen on board using the heat contained in the exhaust gases seems to be the best as long as the production of sufficient hydrogen under startup conditions is guaranteed . Several current works are underway to determine efficiencies and the potential of using hydrogen from cracked ammonia employing waste heat in automotive systems. − Table summarizes the main conclusions for the use of hydrogen as a doping agent.…”

Efficient Generation of H2/NH3 Fuel Mixtures for Clean Combustion

“…Thus, the composition may be instantly tuned by changing the sweep rate to any arbitrary composition. The ability to dynamically tune composition is expected to be a significant attribute for use in ICE applications. − Incidentally, the gross power in the sweep stream evaluated at 300 sccm feed, which is just the product of its flowrate and higher heating value, is plotted on the secondary axis. The power increases with increasing sweep rate, and this small reformer can produce >kW levels of power.…”

“…PBRs are typically operated at high temperature and atmospheric pressure since the kinetics of decomposition are strongly inhibited by adsorption of the released hydrogen . Higher conversion and a reduction in temperature have been achieved by replacing industrial Ni catalysts with a combination of platinum group-based metals (Ru, Rh-Pt) − or novel cobalt-based catalysts, though H 2 inhibition remains an issue. Not unlike hydrocarbon reforming the ammonia reforming reaction is endothermic (ΔH rxn = 46 kJ/mol NH 3 ), but this energy may be recovered during fuel combustion due to the higher heating value of the H 2 /NH 3 mixtures.…”

“…Not unlike hydrocarbon reforming the ammonia reforming reaction is endothermic (ΔH rxn = 46 kJ/mol NH 3 ), but this energy may be recovered during fuel combustion due to the higher heating value of the H 2 /NH 3 mixtures. Oftentimes, exhaust heat can be used to supply this energy required for reforming. − Nevertheless, it is desirable to limit the degree of cracking to provide the amount of H 2 required to obtain the desired combustion characteristics. Many applications require dynamic control of the mixture composition.…”

Nonlinear Model Predictive Engine Airpath Control with Dual-Loop Exhaust Gas Recirculation and Variable Nozzle Turbocharger

“…Regulations of vehicles including passenger cars (conventional and hybrids), trucks, trains and marine vessels restrain engines tailpipe emissions and fuel consumption [1]. A variety of methods including but not limited to (i) carbon neutral (electro-fuels) and low to zero carbon fuels [2], (ii) novel insulation and coating materials to reduce engine heat losses [3,4], (iii) high thermodynamic efficiency engine cycles such as Atkinson [5], (iv) waste exhaust heat energy recovery [6] and (v) low temperature combustion strategies such as reactivity controlled compression ignition [7] have been successfully investigated to reduce emissions (including CO 2 ) and fuel consumption for internal combustion engines. The significant emission saving provided by the aforementioned methods can be further improved by control methods exploiting modern engine features.…”