Exhaust emissions from light- and heavy-duty vehicles: chemical composition, impact of exhaust after treatment, and fuel parameters.

Abstract

This paper presents results from the characterization of vehicle exhaust that were obtained primarily within the Swedish Urban Air Project, "Tatortsprojektet." Exhaust emissions from both gasoline-and diesel-fueled vehicles have been investigated with respect to regulated pollutants (carbon monoxide [CO], hydrocarbon [HC], nitrogen oxides [NO ], and particulate), unregulated pollutants, and in bioassay tests (Ames test, TCDD receptor affinity tests). Unregulated pollutants present in both the particle-and the semi-volatile phases were characterized. Special interest was focused on the impact of fuel composition on heavy-duty diesel vehicle emissions. It was confirmed that there exists a quantifiable relationship between diesel-fuel variables of the fuel blends, the chemical composition of the emissions, and their biological effects. According to the results from the multivariate analysis, the most important fuel parameters are: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) content, 90% distillation point, final boiling point, specific heat, aromatic content, density, and sulfur content. -Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 4): 13-23 (1994).

Mutagenicity of diesel exhaust particles mediated by cell–particle interaction in mammalian cells

“…DEPs are known to contain more than 40 mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals (Westerholm and Egeback, 1994). The small size and large surface area of DEPs allow these particles to penetrate deep into the lung and deposit toxic chemicals throughout the respiratory tract, blood system, and nervous system (Doornaert et al, 2003;Block et al, 2004).…”

Chemical characterization of particulate emissions from diesel engines: A review

“…Westerholm and Egebäck (1994) describe fuel and exhaust aftertreatment impact of PM composition recorded as part of the Swedish Urban Air Project. For non-catalyst gasoline vehicles, PAH emissions followed the their content in the gasoline, but they were dramatically decreased by the catalyst.…”

The Practice of Air Quality Management

“…For major roads running through urban and rural areas the maximum annual average benzo(a)pyrene concentration adjacent to the road could be assessed for a few locations near roads carrying the highest traffic volumes. From road transport emission factors for benzene and benzo(a)pyrene (Westerholm & Egabäck 1994), annual average concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene may be calculated in the form of annual averages. It should be possible to categorize, albeit qualitatively, where benzo(a)pyrene concentrations are significantly higher than the typical urban level of 1 ng m -3 (EPAQS 1999).…”