Exhaled carbon monoxide levels in preschool‐age children with episodic asthma

Ohara, Yoichiro; Ohara, Takahiro; Ohrui, Takashi; Morikawa, Toshio; Asamura, Takaaki; Sasaki, Hidetada; Arai, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1111/j.1442-200x.2011.03515.x

Cited by 5 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…In most studies, eCO values have been measured with electrochemical devices, which are cheaper and more easily transportable than laser spectrophotometers, near-infrared analysers [ 25 , 26 ] or photo acoustic spectrometers [ 22 ]. Among electrochemical devices, PiCO+ has been utilized both for monitoring smoking habits (which is its primary target) [ 27 – 29 ] and for assessing eCO levels in several diseases [ 8 , 9 , 11 – 17 ]. Normal eCO values were not exactly comparable even across studies that utilized this device, since mean values in non-smoker subjects varied from less than 1.5 [ 15 ] to 3 ppm [ 17 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…V tube = volume of the sampling tube = 3.14 × 0.15 2 × 100 = 7.07 mL Bedfont EC50 PiCO + Smokerlyzer (PiCO+) (Bedfont Scientific, Kent, UK) is a small, portable device primarily aimed to distinguish smokers from non-smokers and to classify smokers on the basis of their smoking habits. It has been also utilized in many studies that investigated eCO levels in respiratory diseases [ 8 , 9 , 11 – 18 ]. This instrument utilizes an electrochemical sensor to analyse exhaled air for eCO concentration and has a detection limit of 1 ppm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased eCO values have been reported in systemic diseases, such as severe sepsis [ 6 , 7 ], cystic fibrosis [ 8 ], cirrhosis [ 9 ], and after liver transplantation [ 10 ]. Increases have also been observed in some respiratory diseases, such as asthma [ 11 – 13 ], inflammatory pulmonary diseases [ 14 ], upper and lower respiratory tract infections [ 15 , 16 ], bronchiectasis [ 17 ], seasonal allergic rhinitis [ 18 ], and in lung transplantation [ 19 ], probably as the result of local inflammation [ 20 , 21 ]. The potential usefulness of eCO assessment in these conditions is increased by the ease of measurement, which can be carried out by portable and reasonably priced devices that utilize electrochemical sensors and offer good levels of sensitivity (usual determination limit: 1 ppm).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Normal values of exhaled carbon monoxide in healthy subjects: comparison between two methods of assessment

et al. 2014

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BackgroundIn a previous study, exhaled carbon monoxide (eCO) has been assessed in healthy non-smokers with a photo acoustic spectrometer Brüel&Kjær 1312. Unexpectedly, values were higher than those reported in literature, which were mostly obtained with electrochemical analysers. This study was aimed to compare eCO values obtained with Brüel&Kjær 1312 and PiCO + Smokerlyzer, a largely utilized electrochemical analyser.MethodsThirty-four healthy subjects, 15 non-smokers and 19 smokers, underwent eCO assessment with Brüel&Kjær 1312 and PiCO + Smokerlyzer during a prolonged expiration (15 seconds). Brüel&Kjær 1312 assessed CO concentration 7 and 12 seconds after the beginning of expiration and displayed the mean value. PiCO + Smokerlyzer was utilized according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. In vitro, the two devices were tested with standard concentrations of CO in nitrogen (5, 9.9, 20, and 50 ppm), and the time needed by PiCO + Smokerlyzer readings to stabilize was assessed at different gas flows.ResultsBoth Brüel&Kjær 1312 and PiCO + Smokerlyzer presented very good internal consistency. The values provided were strictly correlated, but at low test concentrations, the Brüel&Kjær 1312 readings were greater than the PiCO + Smokerlyzer, and vice versa. PiCO + Smokerlyzer overestimated the CO standard concentrations at 5 and 9.9 ppm by 20%, while Brüel&Kjær 1312 measures were correct. PiCO + Smokerlyzer readings stabilized in 12 seconds during in vitro tests and in 15 seconds during in vivo measurements, suggesting that the values displayed corresponded to the initial phase of expiration.ConclusionsDifferences between Brüel&Kjær 1312 and PiCO + Smokerlyzer may be explained because Brüel&Kjær 1312 measured CO levels in the middle and at the end of expiration while PiCO + Smokerlyzer assessed them in the initial part of expiration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Normal values of exhaled carbon monoxide in healthy subjects: comparison between two methods of assessment

et al. 2014

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“…In childhood asthma patients, eCO values were found to be independent of expiratory flow rate [123]. Recent studies in preschool children report that eCO values were higher during asthma attacks relative to levels recorded in asymptomatic asthma subjects or healthy controls, and these values were normalized during combination inhalation therapy with salbutamol and sodium cromoglycate [124]. eCO levels were also found to correlate with allergic seasonal rhinitis, which returned to control values at the end of the allergen season [125-126].…”

Section: Carbon Monoxide In Exhaled Breathmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon monoxide in exhaled breath testing and therapeutics

2013

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Carbon monoxide (CO), a low molecular weight gas, is a ubiquitous environmental product of organic combustion, which is also produced endogenously in the body, as the byproduct of heme metabolism. CO binds to hemoglobin, resulting in decreased oxygen delivery to bodily tissues at toxicological concentrations. At physiological concentrations, CO may have endogenous roles as a potential signaling mediator in vascular function and cellular homeostasis. Exhaled CO (eCO), similar to exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), has been evaluated as a candidate breath biomarker of pathophysiological states, including smoking status, and inflammatory diseases of the lung and other organs. eCO values have been evaluated as potential indicators of inflammation in asthma, stable COPD and exacerbations, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer, or during surgery or critical care. The utility of eCO as a marker of inflammation, and potential diagnostic value remains incompletely characterized. Among other candidate “medicinal gases” with therapeutic potential, (e.g., NO and H2S), CO has been shown to act as an effective anti-inflammatory agent in preclinical animal models of inflammatory disease, acute lung injury, sepsis, ischemia/reperfusion injury and organ graft rejection. Current and future clinical trials will evaluate the clinical applicability of this gas as a biomarker and/or therapeutic in human disease.

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“…Recently, it has been reported in preschool-aged children, that eCO levels in those with asthma attacks were significantly higher as these in healthy children. eCO levels during asthma attacks significantly decreased after inhalation therapy with a combination of a 2-agonist and sodium cromoglycate (Ohara, et al, 2012). Apart from asthma, other diseases such as allergic rhinitis, bronchiectasis, lower and upper respiratory tract infections, interstitial lung disease and cystic fibrosis have also shown an increased production of eCO.…”

Section: Production Of Co and "Gas-sensors"mentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon monoxide: Mechanisms of action and potential clinical implications

Rochette

Cottin

Zeller

et al. 2013

Pharmacology & Therapeutics

122

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Small amounts of carbon monoxide (CO) are continuously produced in mammals. The intracellular levels of CO can increase under stressful conditions following the induction of HO-1 (heme oxygnase-1), a ubiquitous enzyme responsible for the catabolism of heme. Unlike nitric oxide, which is a free radical, CO does not contain free electrons but may be involved in oxidative stress. The carbonate radical has been proposed to be a key mediator of oxidative damage resulting from peroxynitrite production, likewise, the precursor of the carbonate radical anion being bicarbonate and carbon dioxide. We report herein some of the transcription factors and protein kinases involved in the regulation of vascular HO-1 expression. Beyond its widely feared toxicity, CO has revealed a very important biological activity as a signaling molecule with marked protective actions namely against apoptosis and endothelial oxidative damage. Abnormal metabolism and function of CO contribute to the pathogenesis and development of cardiovascular diseases. Important results have been reported in which CO and CO-releasing molecules (CO-RMs) prevent intimal hyperplasia by arresting hyperproliferative vascular smooth muscle cells and increased mobilization and recruitment of bone-marrow-derived progenitor cells. Clinical studies have demonstrated beneficial properties of CO-RMs in transplantation. The anti-inflammatory properties of CO and CO-RMs have been demonstrated in a multitude of animal models of inflammation, suggesting a possible therapeutic application for inflammatory diseases. The development of a technology concerning CO-RMs that controls the delivery and action of CO under different pathological conditions represents a major step forward in the development of CO-based pharmaceuticals with therapeutic applications.

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Exhaled carbon monoxide levels in preschool‐age children with episodic asthma

Abstract: The measurement of eCO using a novel collecting system is useful in the recognition of asthma in preschool children.

Cited by 5 publications

References 25 publications

Normal values of exhaled carbon monoxide in healthy subjects: comparison between two methods of assessment

Normal values of exhaled carbon monoxide in healthy subjects: comparison between two methods of assessment

Carbon monoxide in exhaled breath testing and therapeutics

Carbon monoxide: Mechanisms of action and potential clinical implications

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