Exhaled breath temperature in children: reproducibility and influencing factors

Vermeulen, Stephanie; Barreto, Mario; Penna, Francesco La; Prete, Anna Del; Martella, Susy; Biagiarelli, Francesco; Villa, Maria Pia

doi:10.3109/02770903.2014.906606

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In all those three situations the values in expiration were higher than in inspiration. This fact is concurrent with the literature, since during expiration the warm air from the lungs is exhaled, thus warming the nose and mouth, while during inspiration there is cooling of the nasal vestibule and mouth (8,9) . As expected, there were no differences in the temperatures of the mouth during nasal breathing, since there was no air ow through the mouth, and all participants had their lips sealed, so thermography was effective in detecting temperature changes during breathing.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

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Evaluation of the Breathing Mode by Infrared Thermography

Telson

Furlan

Porto

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Objective To analyze breathing modes with infrared thermography. Methods Cross-sectional observational exploratory study conducted in 20 female participants with a mean age of 26.0 years. The thermograms were made following the principles of the American Academy of Thermology and the Brazilian Thermology Society. The camera FLIR A315 (FLIR Inc., Santa Barbara, CA) was used for the tests. The recordings consisted of the participants breathing normally through the nose for 2 minutes and simulating oral/oronasal breathing for another 2 minutes. The thermograms were analyzed with the FLIR Tools software. An ellipse was placed between the nostrils and the lip commissures to obtain the mean temperatures. The collection was made by two independent researchers, and the normalized non-dimensional temperature was calculated. Results The temperature in nasal breathing is higher than in oral/oronasal breathing both for inhaling and exhaling when measured in the region of the mouth. The exhaling temperatures were higher than the inhaling ones in oral/oronasal breathing (through the nose and the mouth) and nasal breathing (only through the nose). The temperature difference between exhaling and inhaling (ΔT) was greater in oral/oronasal breathing when measured in the region of the mouth. Conclusion The thermographic assessment of breathing modes may be made by comparing the mean temperatures of the mouth, using an ellipse.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Studies have employed thermography in the evaluation of breathing, mainly using it as a technique to quantify the respiratory ow or rate (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17) . A recent study also aimed to determine nasal functionality by means of this method and obtained promising results (5) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Breathing Mode by Infrared Thermography

Telson

Furlan

Porto

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Our study has other strengths: we have adjusted our analysis for baseline EBT, which is of particular relevance given the high dependence to ∆EBT. Also, recent studies have highlighted several factors influence EBT and we have addressed that question also. We have shown that central temperature significantly influences ∆EBT in elite swimmers, and we have analyzed the possible confounding effect of several demographic variables and training characteristics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exhaled breath temperature in elite swimmers: The effects of a training session in adolescents with or without asthma

Couto

Santos

Silva

et al. 2015

Pediatric Allergy Immunology

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“…Thermography has proven to be an important tool in investigating respiratory function. Promising studies have been based on the premise that the temperature around the nostrils fluctuates throughout the respiratory cycle (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) . During inspiration, cold air from the environment is inhaled, while during expiration, warm air from the lungs is exhaled (9)(10)(11) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Promising studies have been based on the premise that the temperature around the nostrils fluctuates throughout the respiratory cycle (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) . During inspiration, cold air from the environment is inhaled, while during expiration, warm air from the lungs is exhaled (9)(10)(11) . Thermograms are then capable of identifying such changes and representing qualitatively and quantitatively the temperature variation around the nasal vestibule.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breathing mode assessment with thermography: a pilot study

Telson,

Furlan,

Ferreira

et al. 2024

CoDAS

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Purpose To present a method for analyzing breathing modes with infrared thermography. Methods This exploratory cross-sectional study used 38 thermal images of inspiration and expiration with nasal breathing and simulated mouth breathing in four nasal breathers without respiratory complaints. Three different data selection forms (line, rectangle, and ellipse) were used to extract the minimum, mean, and maximum temperatures of the regions of interest (nose and mouth) using the FLIR Tools® software. Results Among the three selection forms, there was greater temperature variability obtained with the line, revealing limitations in this measurement. There were no differences between the rectangle and ellipse values, showing that both selection forms present similar temperature extraction results. The comparison results between nose and mouth temperatures during inspiration and expiration indicated a statistically significant difference between all measurements, except for mean inspiration temperatures with the rectangle and ellipse. The breathing mode can be distinguished in both inspiration and expiration when using mean mouth temperatures with the rectangle and ellipse. Conclusion Breathing modes should be assessed based on mean mouth temperatures during inspiration, using the ellipse.

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Exhaled breath temperature in children: reproducibility and influencing factors

Cited by 10 publications

References 28 publications

Evaluation of the Breathing Mode by Infrared Thermography

Evaluation of the Breathing Mode by Infrared Thermography

Exhaled breath temperature in elite swimmers: The effects of a training session in adolescents with or without asthma

Breathing mode assessment with thermography: a pilot study

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