Exhaled Breath Condensates as a Source for Biomarkers for Characterization of Inflammatory Lung Diseases

Bajaj, Pramila; Ishmael, Faoud T.

doi:10.4236/jasmi.2013.31004

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 73 publications

(98 reference statements)

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“…However, today there are commercial sampling devices that have been tested for this reason and provide reliable results. Each of them has its technical characteristics and parameters to be set before or during the collection process such as time 18 . Its analysis, on the other hand, seems to be not an easy task.…”

Section: Exhaled Breath Condensatementioning

confidence: 99%

Exhaled breath condensate: a potential tool to evaluate the relationship between inflammation and dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Patsiris¹,

Stelios²,

Papanikolaou³

et al. 2021

J Lung Health Dis

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disease with high prevalence. Many factors contribute to its development, and probably that leads to its various clinical pictures. Inflammation is the mechanism responsible for the structural alterations in the lungs. Despite its heterogeneity, there are a couple of primary symptoms characterizing it, which are chronic and productive cough and dyspnea. The understanding of dyspnea in COPD is based on theories deriving from the interaction of a network formed between the cardiorespiratory and the neuromuscular system and their receptors. Many factors contribute to its occurrence, making it complex and giving it a very subjective character for a person to perceive. Various methods are used to study COPD. Non-invasive ones seem to attract attention nowadays. One of them is the exhaled breath condensate. It is a biofluid with rich content, which can capture a picture of the pathological processes happening in the lungs. Its study has shown that some markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, such as 8-isoprostane and H2O2, are elevated and able to connect dyspnea and inflammation. Additionally, they seem to provide information of the ongoing inflammatory process in the lungs as well as a picture of the severity of the symptoms. This evidence may enhance the association of dyspnea with dysfunctional breathing. Despite these interesting findings, further research is necessary both in dyspnea and inflammation in COPD to clarify their mechanisms and connective pathways. The utility of non-invasive techniques such as the exhaled breath condensate could be of significant help, but its establishment in the medical field requires extra studies.

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Section: Exhaled Breath Condensatementioning

confidence: 99%

Exhaled breath condensate: a potential tool to evaluate the relationship between inflammation and dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Patsiris¹,

Stelios²,

Papanikolaou³

et al. 2021

J Lung Health Dis

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“…108 Analysis of exosomal markers (CD9, CD63 and CD81) demonstrated that there are controversial results about the presence of exosomes in EBC. 88,90 However, the results of the several separate studies demonstrated a successful detection of micro RNAs in EBC by quantitative real-time PCR which can provide new clinical insights into the non-invasive screening, early diagnosis and treatment of lung disease. [87][88][89][90]…”

Section: Micrornasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exhaled Breath Condensate: A Non-Invasive Source for Tracking of Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations in Lung Diseases

et al. 2020

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Lung diseases have been recognized as an extensive cause of morbidity and mortality in the worldwide. The high degree of clinical heterogeneity and nonspecific initial symptoms of lung diseases contribute to a delayed diagnosis. So, the molecular and genomic profiling play a pivotal role in promoting the pulmonary diseases. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) as a novel and potential method for sampling the respiratory epithelial lining fluid is to assess the inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, drugs and genetic alterations in the pathophysiologic processes of lung diseases. The recent studies on the analysis of EBC from both a genetic and epigenetic point of view were searched from database and reviewed. This review provides an overview of the current findings in the tracking of genomic and epigenetic alterations which are potentially effective in better management of cancer detection. In addition, respiratory microbiota DNA using EBC samples in association with pulmonary disease especially lung cancer were investigated. Various studies have concluded that EBC has a great potential for analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA alterations as well as epigenetic modifications and identification of respiratory microbiome. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) based genomic profiling of EBC samples is recommended as a promising approach to establish personalized based prevention, diagnosis, treatment and post-treatment follow-ups for patients with lung diseases especially lung cancer.

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“…The detection of gastric pepsin in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a potential method of screening for reflux microaspiration. EBC involves condensation of water vapor from breath, which encompasses aerosolized particles of respiratory fluid, that may contain particles useful in the detection of the disease (11,12). EBC is gaining popularity as a research tool due to being inexpensive, non-invasive and safe (11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pepsin as a Marker of Reflux Aspiration in Children With Esophageal Atresia: A Pilot Study

et al. 2020

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Background: Reflux aspiration secondary to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the causes of chronic gastrointestinal and respiratory morbidity in children with esophageal atresia (EA). Currently there are no simple, validated non-invasive tests for the diagnosis of reflux aspiration in children. Objectives: The aim of this pilot study was to investigate pepsin detected in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and saliva as a potential non-invasive marker of reflux aspiration in children with EA. Methods: EBC and saliva samples were prospectively collected from children with EA aged between 5 and 18 years attending a multidisciplinary EA Clinic. Pepsin in the samples was assayed by two methods, a commercial lateral flow device, the Peptest TM and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and correlated with validated gastrointestinal and respiratory symptom questionnaires and objective measures of GERD and respiratory function. Results: EBC were collected from 18 children with EA, 15/18 also provided salivary samples. Pepsin was not detected in any of the EBC samples using the Peptest TM and only 1/14 (7.1%) samples by the ELISA. However, pepsin was detected in 33 and 83% of saliva samples when analyzed with Peptest TM and the ELISA respectively. Salivary pepsin levels were significantly higher in children with reflux symptoms or wheeze. Pepsin was detected by the Peptest TM in the saliva of 5/5 (100%) children with histological evidence of reflux esophagitis compared with 0/2 (0%) in children with normal histology (p = 0.048). Conclusions: Salivary pepsin was detected in a large proportion of children with EA and was significantly associated with GERD symptoms or wheeze. The role of salivary pepsin as a potential non-invasive marker of reflux aspiration in children with EA needs further validation in future studies with larger cohorts.

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Exhaled Breath Condensates as a Source for Biomarkers for Characterization of Inflammatory Lung Diseases

Cited by 14 publications

References 73 publications

Exhaled breath condensate: a potential tool to evaluate the relationship between inflammation and dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Exhaled breath condensate: a potential tool to evaluate the relationship between inflammation and dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Exhaled Breath Condensate: A Non-Invasive Source for Tracking of Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations in Lung Diseases

Pepsin as a Marker of Reflux Aspiration in Children With Esophageal Atresia: A Pilot Study

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