Exfoliated oral mucosa cells as bioindicators of short- and long-term systemic titanium contamination

Chronic exposure to TiO2 micro‐ and nano particles: A biochemical and histopathological experimental study

“…32 The mechanism of titanium ion and titanium-based particle release and the cellular fate of these debris remain to be clarified. 17,31 The physical-chemical properties of MPs and NPs, such as particle size, aggregation state, shape, crystal structure, chemical composition, surface area and load, and porosity are associated with their biodistribution and effect on the body. 47 The ability of NPs to aggregate forming larger superstructures has been reported extensively.…”

“…In line with reports in the literature, we detected titanium‐based particles in peri‐implant tissue surrounding failed human dental implants, 42 oral mucosa covering titanium‐based implant cover screws, 43 cells exfoliated from oral mucosa in contact with titanium‐based dental implants, 44 reactive lesions in peri‐implant oral mucosa, 45 and infrequent titanium‐based dental implant‐related pathologies 38 . Previous experimental animal research conducted by our group provides histological evidence of the presence of particles in the peri‐implant bed of titanium‐based implants 12 and in exfoliated cheek mucosa cells after systemic titanium contamination 31 . These chemically active titanium ions/titanium‐based particles can deposit in surrounding tissues or bind to proteins and disseminate through the bloodstream and lymph system to distant organs.…”

“…Degradation of the TiO 2 passivation layer causes the release of titanium ions and/or micro‐ and nano‐size titanium‐based debris 10,25,30,31 . Moreover, the partial dissolution of the released particles can result in the formation of titanium ions and smaller TiO 2 particles 32 .…”

“…It is important to point out that TiO 2 is a ceramic (metallic oxide), whereas titanium (Ti) is a metallic element, and, therefore, both species have different cellular toxicities 32 . The mechanism of titanium ion and titanium‐based particle release and the cellular fate of these debris remain to be clarified 31,33 …”

“…38 Previous experimental animal research conducted by our group provides histological evidence of the presence of particles in the peri-implant bed of titanium-based implants 12 and in exfoliated cheek mucosa cells after systemic titanium contamination. 31 These chemically active titanium ions/titanium-based particles can deposit in surrounding tissues or bind to proteins and disseminate through the bloodstream and lymph system to distant organs. Our experimental studies using animal models showed that titanium-based particles are transported in the blood by mononuclear-phagocytic lineage cells 46 and then deposit in organs with macrophagic activity, such as the liver, spleen, and lungs, [16][17][18] causing an imbalance in oxidative metabolism.…”