Exfoliated graphite from the intercalate with ferric chloride

Stevens, Richard E.; Ross, Sydney; Wesson, Sheldon P.

doi:10.1016/0008-6223(73)90312-6

Cited by 38 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The reaction takes place according to the following scheme [8] 2 H 2 SO 4 + C = 2 H 2 O + CO 2 + 2 SO 2 (1) This reaction leads to the formation of gaseous molecules H 2 O, SO 2 , and CO 2 . The process can be understood as a redistribution of the bonds between the atoms of the intercalated reactants with the laser irradiation supplying the activation energy of the reaction and the strong heating of the gaseous species followed by the violent expansion of the crystal [9][10][11][12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser-Induced Thermal Expansion of H₂SO₄-Intercalated Graphite Lattice

et al. 2015

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Intercalated graphite materials allow studying reactions occurring in confined chemical conditions. In this work, we investigate the sulfuric acid intercalated graphite exfoliation process using a simple technique based on the continuous-wave (CW) infrared (IR) laser irradiation of graphite flakes. Using Kissinger and Ozawa methods, the activation energy of H 2 SO 4 -intercalated graphite was determined to be less than 100 kJ mol −1 . The laser-assisted reaction process was found to be characterized by a threshold temperature of about 140°C followed by a fast rate of heating. The large amount of volatilized hot gases caused a violent expansion of the graphite flake. Morphological changes undergone by irradiated graphite flakes have been analyzed using a combination of thermal and visible imaging techniques, which allowed for the quantitative determination of temporal evolution of the thermal field during the heating stage and expansion of the flake.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser-Induced Thermal Expansion of H₂SO₄-Intercalated Graphite Lattice

et al. 2015

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“…In order to obtain full utilization of graphite in polymer composites, it is desirable to exfoliate the layered structure and uniformly disperse it throughout the polymer matrix . So far, many modifications of graphite have been reported to get the exfoliated layers, such as graphite oxide (GO), graphite intercalated compounds (GIC), and expanded graphite (EG) . The preparation of polymer/graphite‐based composites is usually carried out using two methods: solution mixing and melt mixing .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of polyetherimide/graphite composites prepared using ultrasonic twin‐screw extrusion

Zhong

Isayev

2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The dispersion of various graphites in polymers is a challenging problem limiting their potential use. To solve this problem, an ultrasound assisted twin‐screw extruder was developed and utilized to compound polyetherimide (PEI) with untreated nature graphite (UG), modified graphite (MG) and expanded graphite (EG) at concentrations up to 10 wt %. The effect of ultrasonic amplitude on rheological, mechanical and electrical properties of the PEI composites was investigated. Ultrasonic treatment of PEI/UG composites showed little effect on these properties. In contrast, ultrasonic treatment of PEI/MG and PEI/EG composites led to an increase of the storage (G′), loss (G″) moduli and complex viscosity and to a decrease of the damping characteristics. In particular, the PEI/5 wt %EG composite ultrasonically treated at an amplitude of 10 μm showed a 45% higher complex viscosity than the untreated composite at a frequency of 0.5 rad/s. Also, the PEI/5 wt % EG composite treated at an amplitude of 10 μm showed a reduction in the electrical volume resistivity by almost three orders of magnitude leading to a lower percolation threshold. The untreated and treated PEI/UG and PEI/MG composites did not show any percolation within all graphite concentrations studied, due to large size of particles of UG and MG and their strong agglomeration. The ultrasonic treatment showed slight effect on mechanical properties of all these composites. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41397.

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“…In a previous paper [50], we showed that the covalently bonded graphite-intercalation compound fluorinated graphite (C 1 F 1 ) forms exfoliated graphite (EG) when processed in an atmospheric pressure 27.12 MHz inductively coupled argon plasma. This EG differed from other EG produced [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] in that the ends of the graphitic sheets were rolled or formed tubes. The micronsized carbon dust produced by this process has a low density (0.013 g cm -3 ), high surface area (150 m 2 g -1 ), minimum impurities (99.5% ± Carbon), honey-combed structure (SEM pictures), and tubular endings (1345 cm -1 , 1590 cm -1 , 1620 cm -1 , Raman Spectroscopy) [24].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Exfoliated graphite can be synthesized by mixing and decomposing graphite-intercalation compounds with various acids. For example EG can be produced from reactions involving HNO 3 /H 2 SO 4 , FeCl 3 /NH 3 , and AlCl 3 [31][32][33]. Other methods, not using acids, such as the heating of potassium-graphitetetrahydrofuran ternary compounds (KC 24 (THF) 1 and KC 24 (THF) 2 ), have also been used to produce EG [34].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanostructures in Physical Materials Chemistry: An Exploratory Laboratory

et al. 2001

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Abstract:The blend of nanotechnology and material science is often beyond the scope of undergraduate laboratories. Through undergraduate research, graphite-intercalated compounds have been incorporated in the production of carbon-based nanostructures. Based on this work a series of exploratory exercises were designed for the undergraduate physical chemistry laboratory emphasizing nanostructure material science. This rapidly expanding area of science and technology can be introduced at an undergraduate level using a high temperature oven to produce nanostructure samples that are analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy at research university laboratories, infrared spectroscopy, and a bomb calorimeter. In these experiments we use samples of pure graphite, fluorinated graphite, and lanthanum oxide to induce the formation of nanostructures. An overview of fullerenes, nanotubes, boron nitride and Si nanostructures, other carbon forms, graphite-intercalated compounds, and the storage of hydrogen in nanotubes are provided in an appendix. Several extensions of the laboratory are proposed.

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Exfoliated graphite from the intercalate with ferric chloride

Cited by 38 publications

References 8 publications

Laser-Induced Thermal Expansion of H₂SO₄-Intercalated Graphite Lattice

Laser-Induced Thermal Expansion of H₂SO₄-Intercalated Graphite Lattice

Properties of polyetherimide/graphite composites prepared using ultrasonic twin‐screw extrusion

Nanostructures in Physical Materials Chemistry: An Exploratory Laboratory

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Exfoliated graphite from the intercalate with ferric chloride

Cited by 38 publications

References 8 publications

Laser-Induced Thermal Expansion of H2SO4-Intercalated Graphite Lattice

Laser-Induced Thermal Expansion of H2SO4-Intercalated Graphite Lattice

Properties of polyetherimide/graphite composites prepared using ultrasonic twin‐screw extrusion

Nanostructures in Physical Materials Chemistry: An Exploratory Laboratory

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Laser-Induced Thermal Expansion of H₂SO₄-Intercalated Graphite Lattice

Laser-Induced Thermal Expansion of H₂SO₄-Intercalated Graphite Lattice