Exflagellation of Plasmodium vivax in peripheral blood: An uncommon finding and its significance

Sable, Mukund; Chhabra, Gaurav; Mishra, Shruti

doi:10.4103/jlp.jlp_19_19

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…Development beyond the gametocyte stage normally takes place following a blood meal, in the lumen of the mosquito midgut, where the male and the female gametes fuse [ 52 ]. However, there are sporadic reports of exflagellated forms (male gametes) of P. falciparum observed in the human body [ 53 ].…”

Section: Malaria and Plasmodium Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium—a brief introduction to the parasites causing human malaria and their basic biology

Sato

2021

J Physiol Anthropol

185

117

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Malaria is one of the most devastating infectious diseases of humans. It is problematic clinically and economically as it prevails in poorer countries and regions, strongly hindering socioeconomic development. The causative agents of malaria are unicellular protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. These parasites infect not only humans but also other vertebrates, from reptiles and birds to mammals. To date, over 200 species of Plasmodium have been formally described, and each species infects a certain range of hosts. Plasmodium species that naturally infect humans and cause malaria in large areas of the world are limited to five—P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale and P. knowlesi. The first four are specific for humans, while P. knowlesi is naturally maintained in macaque monkeys and causes zoonotic malaria widely in South East Asia. Transmission of Plasmodium species between vertebrate hosts depends on an insect vector, which is usually the mosquito. The vector is not just a carrier but the definitive host, where sexual reproduction of Plasmodium species occurs, and the parasite’s development in the insect is essential for transmission to the next vertebrate host. The range of insect species that can support the critical development of Plasmodium depends on the individual parasite species, but all five Plasmodium species causing malaria in humans are transmitted exclusively by anopheline mosquitoes. Plasmodium species have remarkable genetic flexibility which lets them adapt to alterations in the environment, giving them the potential to quickly develop resistance to therapeutics such as antimalarials and to change host specificity. In this article, selected topics involving the Plasmodium species that cause malaria in humans are reviewed.

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Section: Malaria and Plasmodium Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium—a brief introduction to the parasites causing human malaria and their basic biology

Sato

2021

J Physiol Anthropol

185

117

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“…1 ). The morphology of microgametes in photomicrographs [ 9 , 10 ] differs from that in the drawings in Fig. 1 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Who was the first to visualize the malaria parasite?

Drouin,

Hautecoeur,

Markus

2024

Parasites Vectors

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Human malaria, an ancient tropical disease, is caused by infection with protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium and is transmitted by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Our understanding of human malaria parasites began officially in 1880 with their discovery in the blood of malaria patients by Charles Louis Alphonse Lavéran (1845–1922), a French army officer working in Algeria. A claim for priority was made by Philipp Friedrich Hermann Klencke (1813–1881) in 1843, who wrote a chapter entitled: “Marvellous parallelism between the manifestations of vertigo and the presence of animalcule vacuoles in living blood.” We should not lose sight of this old controversy, which is rarely mentioned in historical reviews on malaria. Graphical Abstract

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“…At the time of writing, only 16 cases of ex-flagellated microgametocytes of Plasmodia species have been reported [19]. The occurrence of ex-flagellated microgametocytes in vivax malaria has also been reported [17,[20][21][22][23][24]. With detailed examination, ex-flagellated forms of Plasmodia occur as thin filamentous structures with an oval-shaped dark blue nucleus [16,19,20,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case of atypical vivax malaria with a global review of reports on myriads of morpho-variations in parasitized red blood cells

Biswal

Mirdha

2023

Access Microbiology

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Plasmodium vivax, one of the major species associated with human malaria, continues to be a major public health problem in many parts of the world. Numerous studies related to vivax malaria have described quantitative haematological findings (level of haemoglobin, thrombocytopaenia, haematocrit values), but diverse morphological changes of parasite forms within infected red blood cells (iRBCs) have been mentioned only in few studies. Here we report a case of a 13-year-old boy who presented with fever, significant low platelet counts and hypovolaemia that created a diagnostic dilemma. Detection of microgametocytes by microscopic examinations, further confirmed by multiplex nested PCR assays and response to anti-malarials, helped to make the diagnosis. We present an atypical case of vivax malaria with a review of morpho-variations of iRBCs and have summarized the characteristics that aid in creating increased awareness among laboratory health professionals and public health workers.

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Exflagellation of Plasmodium vivax in peripheral blood: An uncommon finding and its significance

Cited by 3 publications

References 14 publications

Plasmodium—a brief introduction to the parasites causing human malaria and their basic biology

Plasmodium—a brief introduction to the parasites causing human malaria and their basic biology

Who was the first to visualize the malaria parasite?

A case of atypical vivax malaria with a global review of reports on myriads of morpho-variations in parasitized red blood cells

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