Exerkines in health, resilience and disease

Chow, Lisa S.; Gerszten, Robert E.; Taylor, Joan M.; Pedersen, Bente Klarlund; Praag, Henriette van; Trappe, Scott; Febbraio, Mark A.; Galis, Zorina S.; Gao, Yunling; Haus, Jacob M.; Lanza, Ian R.; Lavie, Carl J.; Lee, Chih-Hao; Lucía, Alejandro; Moro, Cédric; Pandey, Ambarish; Robbins, Jeremy; Stanford, Kristin I.; Thackray, Alice E.; Villeda, Saul; Watt, Matthew J.; Xia, Ashley; Zierath, Juleen R.; Goodpaster, Bret H; Snyder, M

doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00641-2

Cited by 379 publications

(338 citation statements)

References 211 publications

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“…Recently, the links between exercise and "exerkines" have been speculated as possible mediators of exercise adaptation [61,62]. Exercise training adaptation is a consequence of the accumulative application of repeated exercise stimuli.…”

Section: Exerkinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exercise training adaptation is a consequence of the accumulative application of repeated exercise stimuli. There is growing interest in that progressive adaptation to endurance and resistance training is mediated by the simultaneous integrative effect of several organs in response to exercise [61,62]. The act of exercise releases hundreds of biologically active compounds into the blood.…”

Section: Exerkinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These compounds called exerkines are released from many of the body's organs, tissues, and cells and exert auto-, para or endocrine effects. Exerkines are released from skeletal muscle (myokines), the heart (cardiokines), liver (hepatokines), white adipose tissue (adipokines), brown adipose tissue (baptokines) and neurons (neurokines) [62].…”

Section: Exerkinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stubborn Exercise Responders–Where to Next?

Bell

Gabbett

Davis

et al. 2022

Sports

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There is a wide variance in the magnitude of physiological adaptations after resistance or endurance training. The incidence of “non” or “poor” responders to training has been reported to represent as high as 40% of the project’s sample. However, the incidence of poor responders to training can be ameliorated with manipulation of either the training frequency, intensity, type and duration. Additionally, global non-response to cardio-respiratory fitness training is eliminated when evaluating several health measures beyond just the target variables as at least one or more measure improves. More research is required to determine if altering resistance training variables results in a more favourable response in individuals with an initial poor response to resistance training. Moreover, we recommend abandoning the term “poor” responders, as ultimately the magnitude of change in cardiorespiratory fitness in response to endurance training is similar in “poor” and “high” responders if the training frequency is subsequently increased. Therefore, we propose “stubborn” responders as a more appropriate term. Future research should focus on developing viable physiological and lifestyle screening tests that identify likely stubborn responders to conventional exercise training guidelines before the individual engages with training. Exerkines, DNA damage, metabolomic responses in blood, saliva and breath, gene sequence, gene expression and epigenetics are candidate biomarkers that warrant investigation into their relationship with trainability. Crucially, viable biomarker screening tests should show good construct validity to distinguish between different exercise loads, and possess excellent sensitivity and reliability. Furthermore “red flag” tests of likely poor responders to training should be practical to assess in clinical settings and be affordable and non-invasive. Early identification of stubborn responders would enable optimization of training programs from the onset of training to maintain exercise motivation and optimize the impact on training adaptations and health.

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Section: Exerkinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exerkinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stubborn Exercise Responders–Where to Next?

Bell

Gabbett

Davis

et al. 2022

Sports

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“…Blocking IL6 led to reduced NK cell infiltrates and enhanced tumor growth in mice (Pedersen et al, 2016). We therefore assessed serum levels of IL6 and other cytokines (Chow et al, 2022). Serum levels of IL6 significantly increase with exercise, although less pronounced compared to the animal model (IL6 increase in mice: 7 fold, IL6 increase in our study: 2 fold) (figure 2A).…”

Section: Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute exercise induces natural killer cell mobilization but not infiltration into prostate cancer tissue in humans

Schenk

Esser

Belen

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The mobilization and activation of natural killer (NK) cells have been proposed as key mechanisms promoting anti oncogenic effects of physical exercise. Although mouse models have proven that physical exercise recruits NK cells to tumor tissue and inhibits tumor growth, this preclinical finding has not been transferred to the clinical setting yet. In this first-in-human study, we found that physical exercise mobilizes and redistributes NK cells, especially those with a cytotoxic phenotype, in line with preclinical models. However, physical exercise did not increase NK cell tumor infiltrates. Future studies should carefully distinguish between acute and chronic exercise modalities and should be encouraged to investigate more immune responsive tumor entities.

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“…In recent years, sports science has deepened in the study of molecular biology, which allows understanding the physiological processes that would explain the exercise-induced effects and/or benefits expected for both health and performance. Thus, for example, since the discovery in 2000 of the myokine IL-6 [ 29 ] and its benefits, much progress has been made, allowing the coining of the concept of exerkinines [ 30 ]. As a result, findings have shown that physical exercise favors cross-talk between muscle and various tissues such as bone [ 31 ].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%