Exerkines and redox homeostasis

Félix‐Soriano, Elisa; Stanford, Kristin I.

doi:10.1016/j.redox.2023.102748

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 152 publications

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“…Studies indicate that depression is related to the dysfunction of neurotransmitters [59]. Both human and animal studies show that exercise increases mitochondrial functions in neurons, alters concentrations of neurotransmitters, increases neurotrophic factors, and lowers inflammatory mediators [59,60]. Exercise in young adults changes the concentrations of microRNA and also alters the expression of cardiac exercise testing and exercise training microRNAs in young male adults [61] and under different dietary habits [41].…”

Section: Exercise and The Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exerkines, Nutrition, and Systemic Metabolism

Watkins,

Smith,

Volpe

et al. 2024

Nutrients

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The cornerstones of good health are exercise, proper food, and sound nutrition. Physical exercise should be a lifelong routine, supported by proper food selections to satisfy nutrient requirements based on energy needs, energy management, and variety to achieve optimal metabolism and physiology. The human body is sustained by intermediary and systemic metabolism integrating the physiologic processes for cells, tissues, organs, and systems. Recently, interest in specific metabolites, growth factors, cytokines, and hormones called exerkines has emerged to explain cooperation between nutrient supply organs and the brain during exercise. Exerkines consist of different compounds described as signaling moiety released during and after exercise. Examples of exerkines include oxylipin 12, 13 diHOME, lipid hormone adiponectin, growth factor BDNF, metabolite lactate, reactive oxygen species (ROS), including products of fatty acid oxidation, and cytokines such as interleukin-6. At this point, it is believed that exerkines are immediate, fast, and long-lasting factors resulting from exercise to support body energy needs with an emphasis on the brain. Although exerkines that are directly a product of macronutrient metabolism such as lactate, and result from catabolism is not surprising. Furthermore, other metabolites of macronutrient metabolism seem to be candidate exerkines. The exerkines originate from muscle, adipose, and liver and support brain metabolism, energy, and physiology. The purpose of this review is to integrate the actions of exerkines with respect to metabolism that occurs during exercise and propose other participating factors of exercise and brain physiology. The role of diet and macronutrients that influence metabolism and, consequently, the impact of exercise will be discussed. This review will also describe the evidence for PUFA, their metabolic and physiologic derivatives endocannabinoids, and oxylipins that validate them being exerkines. The intent is to present additional insights to better understand exerkines with respect to systemic metabolism.

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Section: Exercise and The Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The specific actions of exerkines on mitochondrial bioenergetics translate to the neurogenesis, neuroplasticity, and cognitive function of exercise impacts on the brain [11]. Furthermore, regular exercise and exerkines elicit vital adaptations via redox signaling in the muscle, heart, liver, and brain [60].…”

Section: Exercise and The Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exerkines, Nutrition, and Systemic Metabolism

Watkins,

Smith,

Volpe

et al. 2024

Nutrients

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“…Cellular redox homeostasis, involving the balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing species, is practically important for cell production and survival. 1 Among them, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is one of the most stable and abundant ROS in live cells, and aids in the function of cell signaling. 2 Excessive H 2 O 2 , on the other hand, leads to oxidative stress and damages nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, resulting in health disorders such as aging, neurological disorders, diabetes, and cancers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual-responsive probe and DNA interstrand crosslink precursor target the unique redox status of cancer cells

Yu,

Wang,

et al. 2023

Chem. Commun.

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Effects of voluntary and forced physical exercise on the retinal health of aging Wistar rats

Szilágyi,

Takács,

Szekeres

et al. 2024

GeroScience

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Aging is accompanied by an increased prevalence of degenerative conditions, including those affecting ocular health, which significantly impact quality of life and increase the burden on healthcare systems. Among these, retinal aging is of particular concern due to its direct link to vision impairment, a leading cause of disability in the elderly. Vision loss in the aging population is associated with heightened risks of cognitive decline, social isolation, and morbidity. This study addresses the critical gap in our understanding of modifiable lifestyle factors, such as physical exercise, that may mitigate retinal aging and its related pathologies. We investigated the effects of different exercise regimens—voluntary (recreational-type) and forced (high-intensity)—on the retinal health of aging Wistar rats (18-month-old), serving as a model for studying the translational potential of exercise interventions in humans. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: a young control (3-month-old) for baseline comparison, an aged sedentary control, an aged group engaging in voluntary exercise via a running wheel in their cage, and an aged group subjected to forced exercise on a treadmill for six sessions of 20 min each per week. After a 6-month experimental period, we assessed retinal function via electroretinography (ERG), measured retinal thickness histologically, and analyzed protein expression changes relevant to oxidative stress, inflammation, and anti-aging mechanisms. Our findings reveal that voluntary exercise positively impacts retinal function and morphology, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation markers while enhancing anti-aging protein expression. In contrast, forced exercise showed diminished benefits. These insights underscore the importance of exercise intensity and preference in preserving retinal health during aging. The study highlights the potential of recreational physical activity as a non-invasive strategy to counteract retinal aging, advocating for further research into exercise regimens as preventative therapies for age-related ocular degenerations.

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Exerkines and redox homeostasis

Cited by 8 publications

References 152 publications

Exerkines, Nutrition, and Systemic Metabolism

Exerkines, Nutrition, and Systemic Metabolism

Dual-responsive probe and DNA interstrand crosslink precursor target the unique redox status of cancer cells

Effects of voluntary and forced physical exercise on the retinal health of aging Wistar rats

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