Exergaming in VR: The Impact of Immersive Embodiment on Motivation, Performance, and Perceived Exertion

Born, Felix; Abramowski, Sophie; Masuch, Maic

doi:10.1109/vs-games.2019.8864579

Cited by 30 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The significantly higher levels of self-reported Perceived Competence observed in the IVR visualization supports this interpretation. This is in line with previous studies that found IVR HMDs to enhance participants' motivation, compared to 2D computer screens, in an electric-powered wheelchair simulator (Rivera-Flor et al 2019), and a full-body movement task (Born et al 2019). Importantly for neurorehabilitation, higher levels of participants' intrinsic motivation and perceived competence during motor training have been shown to improve the consolidation of new motor skills (Trempe et al 2012;Widmer et al 2016).…”

Section: Immersive Virtual Reality Promotes Participants' Motivationsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…They also included a 2D screen modality, but the 2D screen displayed the avatar at a third-person perspective, making it less comparable to our first-person perspective approach. In (Born et al 2019), authors compared an IVR HMD to a 2D computer screen with a first-or third-person perspective. The IVR HMD led to higher embodiment values for each of its components.…”

Section: Hmds Enhance Embodimentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of immersive visualization technologies on cognitive load, motivation, usability, and embodiment

et al. 2021

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Virtual reality (VR) is a promising tool to promote motor (re)learning in healthy users and brain-injured patients. However, in current VR-based motor training, movements of the users performed in a three-dimensional space are usually visualized on computer screens, televisions, or projection systems, which lack depth cues (2D screen), and thus, display information using only monocular depth cues. The reduced depth cues and the visuospatial transformation from the movements performed in a three-dimensional space to their two-dimensional indirect visualization on the 2D screen may add cognitive load, reducing VR usability, especially in users suffering from cognitive impairments. These 2D screens might further reduce the learning outcomes if they limit users’ motivation and embodiment, factors previously associated with better motor performance. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential benefits of more immersive technologies using head-mounted displays (HMDs). As a first step towards potential clinical implementation, we ran an experiment with 20 healthy participants who simultaneously performed a 3D motor reaching and a cognitive counting task using: (1) (immersive) VR (IVR) HMD, (2) augmented reality (AR) HMD, and (3) computer screen (2D screen). In a previous analysis, we reported improved movement quality when movements were visualized with IVR than with a 2D screen. Here, we present results from the analysis of questionnaires to evaluate whether the visualization technology impacted users’ cognitive load, motivation, technology usability, and embodiment. Reports on cognitive load did not differ across visualization technologies. However, IVR was more motivating and usable than AR and the 2D screen. Both IVR and AR rea ched higher embodiment level than the 2D screen. Our results support our previous finding that IVR HMDs seem to be more suitable than the common 2D screens employed in VR-based therapy when training 3D movements. For AR, it is still unknown whether the absence of benefit over the 2D screen is due to the visualization technology per se or to technical limitations specific to the device.

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Section: Immersive Virtual Reality Promotes Participants' Motivationsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Hmds Enhance Embodimentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of immersive visualization technologies on cognitive load, motivation, usability, and embodiment

et al. 2021

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“…In our previous study, we recruited young adults from 19 to 42 years old. Other similar studies that found higher motivation when practicing with HMDs vs. 2D screens also included only young participants, e.g., in Born et al participants were between 18 to 24 years old [48]. Similarly, in the study of Ijsselsteijn et al [47], authors found that a higher immersion led to a higher motivation with a study population closer to our previous study (mean 41.3 y.o.).…”

Section: Hmds Do Not Significantly Impact Motivationsupporting

confidence: 52%

Naturalistic visualization of reaching movements using head-mounted displays improves movement quality and proves high usability compared to conventional computer screens

Wenk

Buetler

Penalver-Andres

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: The relearning of movements after brain injury can be optimized by providing intensive, meaningful, and motivating training using virtual reality (VR). However, most current solutions use two-dimensional (2D) screens, where patients interact via symbolic representations of their limbs (e.g., a cursor). These 2D screens lack depth cues, potentially deteriorating movement quality and increasing cognitive load. Head-mounted displays (HMDs) have great potential to provide naturalistic movement visualization by incorporating improved depth cues, reduce visuospatial transformations by rendering movements in the space where they are performed, and preserve eye-hand coordination by showing an avatar – with immersive VR (IVR) – or the user’s real body – with augmented reality (AR). However, elderly populations might not find these novel technologies usable, hampering potential motor and cognitive benefits. Methods: We compared movement quality, cognitive load, motivation and system usability in twenty elderly participants (>59 y.o.) while performing a dual motor-cognitive task with different visualization technologies: IVR HMD, AR HMD, and a 2D screen. We evaluated participants’ self-reported cognitive load, motivation, and usability using questionnaires. We also conducted a pilot study with five brain-injured patients comparing the visualization technologies while using an assistive device. Results: Elderly participants performed straighter, shorter duration, and smoother movements when the task was visualized with the HMDs than screen. The IVR HMD led to shorter duration movements than AR, and both HMDs were associated with shorter movement duration than the screen. Movement onsets were shorter with IVR than AR, and shorter for both HMDs than the screen, potentially indicating facilitated reaction times due to reduced cognitive load. No differences were found in the questionnaires regarding cognitive load, motivation, or usability between technologies in elderly participants. Both HMDs proved high usability in our small sample of patients. Conclusions: HMDs are a promising technology to be incorporated into neurorehabilitation, as their more naturalistic movement visualization improves movement quality compared to conventional screens. HMDs demonstrate high usability, without decreasing participants’ motivation, and might potentially lower cognitive load. Our preliminary clinical results suggest that brain-injured patients may especially benefit from more immersive technologies. However, larger patient samples are needed to draw stronger conclusions.

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“…Previously, much research has been conducted to understand whether and how embodiment in VEs could be utilized for positively changing embodied user perceptions and behaviors under various contexts such as pain management ( Mancini et al, 2011 ; Martini, Perez-Marcos, & Sanchez-Vives, 2014 ), phobia treatment ( Rothbaum et al, 1995 ), physical exercising ( Born, Abramowski, & Maic, 2019 ) and musician training ( Bissonnette et al, 2016 ). In general, the enhancement of the sense of embodiment was found to have positive effects on embodied user perceptions and behaviors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, the enhancement of the sense of embodiment was found to have positive effects on embodied user perceptions and behaviors. For example, the embodiment of a virtual body or location in VEs is found to significantly reduce pain and phobia among patients ( Bissonnette et al, 2016 ; Martini et al, 2014 ; Rothbaum et al, 1995 ), while increasing the performance of players in VR exergames ( Born et al, 2019 ). However, it merits attention that the role of perceived embodiment on task performance in the context of teleoperation has been barely examined by previous researchers ( Toet et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of perceived body ownership in virtual reality-based teleoperation may backfire in the execution of high-risk tasks

Shin

Lee

Song

et al. 2021

Computers in Human Behavior

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Guided by previous research on the role of embodiment in virtual environments, this study aimed to investigate the potential effects of using human-like (compared to robotic) virtual hands on work performances in the context of virtual reality (VR)-based teleoperation of high-risk machinery. A 2 × 2 mixed factorial design experiment ( N = 74), with the virtual hand representation as a within-subjects factor (robotic vs. human-like virtual hands) and the risk of danger as a between-subjects factor (low vs. high), was conducted to examine the effects of virtual hand representations (i.e., human-likeness) on perceived body ownership (i.e., embodiment), risk perception, intention to work using the teleoperator, and work performance (i.e., the number of successful task completions). In addition, the moderating effects of the risk of danger on the relationship between perceived body ownership and risk perception were explored. Results showed that the enhancement of perceived body ownership in VR-based teleoperation, induced by the use of human-like hands, increased the risk perception and degraded workers’ task performances in the execution of high-risk tasks. Further implications of the findings were discussed.

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Exergaming in VR: The Impact of Immersive Embodiment on Motivation, Performance, and Perceived Exertion

Cited by 30 publications

References 32 publications

Effect of immersive visualization technologies on cognitive load, motivation, usability, and embodiment

Effect of immersive visualization technologies on cognitive load, motivation, usability, and embodiment

Naturalistic visualization of reaching movements using head-mounted displays improves movement quality and proves high usability compared to conventional computer screens

Enhancement of perceived body ownership in virtual reality-based teleoperation may backfire in the execution of high-risk tasks

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