Exercise training-induced changes in the gut microbiota of Standardbred racehorses

Janabi, Ali Hassan Daghir; Biddle, Amy S.; Klein, Dylan J.; McKeever, KH

doi:10.3920/cep160015

Cited by 18 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Clostridium XIVa, Fibrobacter and Treponema genera were the most abundant genera, which is in agreement with a study in Standardbred racehorses by Janabi et al . 35 that showed that training led to an increase in Treponema and Clostridium spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling the effects of the gut microbiota composition and function on horse endurance physiology

Plancade

Clark

Philippe

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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An integrated analysis of gut microbiota, blood biochemical and metabolome in 52 endurance horses was performed. Clustering by gut microbiota revealed the existence of two communities mainly driven by diet as host properties showed little effect. Community 1 presented lower richness and diversity, but higher dominance and rarity of species, including some pathobionts. Moreover, its microbiota composition was tightly linked to host blood metabolites related to lipid metabolism and glycolysis at basal time. Despite the lower fiber intake, community type 1 appeared more specialized to produce acetate as a mean of maintaining the energy supply as glucose concentrations fell during the race. On the other hand, community type 2 showed an enrichment of fibrolytic and cellulolytic bacteria as well as anaerobic fungi, coupled to a higher production of propionate and butyrate. The higher butyrate proportion in community 2 was not associated with protective effects on telomere lengths but could have ameliorated mucosal inflammation and oxidative status. The gut microbiota was neither associated with the blood biochemical markers nor metabolome during the endurance race, and did not provide a biomarker for race ranking or risk of failure to finish the race.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling the effects of the gut microbiota composition and function on horse endurance physiology

Plancade

Clark

Philippe

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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“…Previous results using the same horses have shown that 12 weeks of training significantly affects the gut microbiome (Janabi et al, 2016). Concomitant with changes in the gut microbiome, there was also a change in the skeletal muscle xenobiotic signature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Metabolomic Response of Equine Skeletal Muscle to Acute Fatiguing Exercise and Training

et al. 2020

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The athletic horse, despite being over 50% muscle mass, remains understudied with regard to the effects of exercise and training on skeletal muscle metabolism. To begin to address this knowledge gap, we employed an untargeted metabolomics approach to characterize the exercise-induced and fitness-related changes in the skeletal muscle of eight unconditioned Standardbred horses (four male, four female) before and after a 12-week training period. Before training, unconditioned horses showed a high degree of individual variation in the skeletal muscle metabolome, resulting in very few differences basally and at 3 and 24 h after acute fatiguing exercise. Training did not alter body composition but did improve maximal aerobic and running capacities (p < 0.05), and significantly altered the skeletal muscle metabolome (p < 0.05, q < 0.1). While sex independently influenced body composition and distance run following training (p < 0.05), sex did not affect the skeletal muscle metabolome. Exercise-induced metabolomic alterations (p < 0.05, q < 0.1) largely centered on the branchedchain amino acids (BCAA), xenobiotics, and a variety of lipid and nucleotide-related metabolites, particularly in the conditioned state. Further, training increased (p < 0.05, q < 0.1) the relative abundance of almost every identified lipid species, and this was accompanied by increased plasma BCAAs (p < 0.0005), phenylalanine (p = 0.01), and tyrosine (p < 0.02). Acute exercise in the conditioned state decreased (p < 0.05, q < 0.1) the relative abundance of almost all lipid-related species in skeletal muscle by 24 h post-exercise, whereas plasma amino acids remained unaltered. These changes occurred alongside increased muscle gene expression (p < 0.05) related to lipid uptake (Cd36) and lipid (Cpt1b) and BCAA (Bckdk) utilization. This work suggests that metabolites related to amino acid, lipid, nucleotide and xenobiotic metabolism play pivotal roles in the response of equine skeletal muscle to vigorous exercise and training. Use of these and future data sets could be used to track the impact of training and fitness on equine health and may lead to novel predictors and/or diagnostic biomarkers.

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“…Interestingly, the samples collected at the beginning of the experiment and the end of the conditioning period were similar, suggesting that the population structure of the intestinal microbiota may have adapted after the aerobic conditioning period of 42 days. The return of the population structure to pre-training levels may indicate dormancy [31] or resilience of equine intestinal microbiota-related dysbiosis [32]. This suggests that changes in exercise may exert important influences on the microbiota rather than the absolute level of exercise or specific type of exercise.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intense Exercise and Aerobic Conditioning Associated with Chromium or L-Carnitine Supplementation Modified the Fecal Microbiota of Fillies

et al. 2016

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Recent studies performed in humans and rats have reported that exercise can alter the intestinal microbiota. Athletic horses perform intense exercise regularly, but studies characterizing horse microbiome during aerobic conditioning programs are still limited. Evidence has indicated that this microbial community is involved in the metabolic homeostasis of the host. Research on ergogenic substances using new sequencing technologies have been limited to the intestinal microbiota and there is a considerable demand for scientific studies that verify the effectiveness of these supplements in horses. L-carnitine and chromium are potentially ergogenic substances for athletic humans and horses since they are possibly able to modify the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. This study aimed to assess the impact of acute exercise and aerobic conditioning, associated either with L-carnitine or chromium supplementation, on the intestinal microbiota of fillies. Twelve “Mangalarga Marchador” fillies in the incipient fitness stage were distributed into four groups: control (no exercise), exercise, L-carnitine (10g/day) and chelated chromium (10mg/day). In order to investigate the impact of acute exercise or aerobic conditioning on fecal microbiota all fillies undergoing the conditioning program were analyzed as a separate treatment. The fillies underwent two incremental exercise tests before and after training on a treadmill for 42 days at 70–80% of the lactate threshold intensity. Fecal samples were obtained before and 48 h after acute exercise (incremental exercise test). Bacterial populations were characterized by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using the MiSeq Illumina platform, and 5,224,389 sequences were obtained from 48 samples. The results showed that, overall, the two most abundant phyla were Firmicutes (50.22%) followed by Verrucomicrobia (15.13%). The taxa with the highest relative abundances were unclassified Clostridiales (17.06%) and "5 genus incertae sedis" from the phylum Verrucomicrobia (12.98%). There was a decrease in the phylum Chlamydiae and in the genus Mycobacterium after the second incremental exercise test. Intense exercise changed the community’s structure and aerobic conditioning was associated with changes in the composition and structure of the intestinal bacterial population of fillies. The intra-group comparison showed that chromium or L-carnitine induced moderate changes in the fecal microbiota of fillies, but the microbiota did not differ from the control group, which was exercised with no supplementation. Fecal pH correlated positively with Simpson’s index, while plasma pH correlated negatively. Our results show that exercise and aerobic conditioning can change in the microbiota and provide a basis for further studies enrolling a larger number of horses at different fitness levels to better understand the effects of exercise and training on the intestinal microbiota of horses.

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Exercise training-induced changes in the gut microbiota of Standardbred racehorses

Cited by 18 publications

References 36 publications

Unraveling the effects of the gut microbiota composition and function on horse endurance physiology

Unraveling the effects of the gut microbiota composition and function on horse endurance physiology

Metabolomic Response of Equine Skeletal Muscle to Acute Fatiguing Exercise and Training

Intense Exercise and Aerobic Conditioning Associated with Chromium or L-Carnitine Supplementation Modified the Fecal Microbiota of Fillies

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