Exercise training improves cardiovascular and autonomic profiles in HIV

Spierer, David K.; DeMeersman, Ronald E.; Kleinfeld, Jay; McPherson, Eugene; Fullilove, Robert E.; Alba, Augusta; Zion, Adrienne S.

doi:10.1007/s10286-007-0441-0

Cited by 29 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…These HRV results are in line with what is known from studies in athletes indicating that regular exercise (higher VO 2max ) benefits the resting ANS by increasing HRV, lowering the sympathetic influence on the heart and increasing the parasympathetic influence (Nagai et al, 2004;Spierer et al, 2007;Gilder and Ramsbottom, 2008). It also confirms that only a limited number of HRV indicators, based on weak associations in the supine position, could perhaps be used to estimate VO2max. However, this study also clearly demonstrates the novel relationship between HRV indicators and indicators of physical fitness during an orthostatic stressor.…”

Section: Hrvsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…According to these negative correlations between VO 2max and the two HRV indicators, supine sympathetic nervous system activity is lower in fitter individuals. These results are supported by several published studies (Nagai et al, 2004;Spierer et al, 2007;Gilder and Ramsbottom, 2008). No significant correlations were found between supine HRV indicators and O 2 pulse max or peak treadmill speed.…”

supporting

confidence: 84%

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Relationship between exercise capacity and heart rate variability: Supine and in response to an orthostatic stressor

Grant

Clark

Rensburg

et al. 2009

Autonomic Neuroscience

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A b s t r a c tThe study investigated whether supine-measured HRV indicators, and/or HRV indicators measured during orthostatic stress are related to conventional measures of exercise and performance ability such as VO 2max . Only two significant correlations (pb0.05) out of 30 tests were found between supinedetermined HRV indicators and conventional measures. In contrast, fifteen of the 30 relationships calculated during orthostatic stress were significant. Relationships were at best low to moderate (0.2b|corr|b0.4). As expected, the relationships obtained during orthostatic stress were reversed from that obtained in the supine position. In summary, although HRV indicators are related to cardiovascular fitness, correlations between VO 2max and these parameters are found only under very specific conditions. HRV parameters explain very little of the variance in VO 2max . In addition, estimating the exercise capacity from HRV indicators requires experience and extreme caution Maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) is widely used as an indicator of exercise capacity and predictor of survival and performance in a variety of clinical and athletic populations (Stelken et al., 1996;Diamond, 2007). VO 2max is normally assessed in a laboratory setting by means of respiratory gas analysis equipment. This method is expensive, time consuming and requires the expertise of qualified laboratory personnel. Currently, an increasing number of studies employ the more accessible resting heart rate variability (HRV) indicators as prognostic indicators of survival in patients and of training status in athletes (Gilliam et al., 2007;Achten and Jeukendrup, 2003). HRV represents the changes in instantaneous heart rate over a segment or the full length of an RR interval recording (tachogram), as controlled by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) (Task Force, 1996). In this respect HRV analysis is used as a non-invasive indicator of ANS function and window on the clinical or training status of patients and athletes.In testing the assumption that HRV as determined by off-the-shelf HR monitors can be used in place of the more cumbersome and ten times more expensive than VO 2max assessment, correlations were found between resting HRV indicators and VO 2max. However, results are inconsistent and studies reported significant correlations as well as no correlations between VO 2max and the same HRV indicators (Bucheit and Gindre,

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Section: Hrvsupporting

confidence: 89%

supporting

confidence: 84%

Relationship between exercise capacity and heart rate variability: Supine and in response to an orthostatic stressor

Grant

Clark

Rensburg

et al. 2009

Autonomic Neuroscience

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“…4,8,[10][11][12][13]15,17,18,[19][20][21]25,27,[30][31][32][34][35][36]38,39,45,47 The results of 10 articles on ANS response measured during exercise are shown in Table I. Some authors expressed concern about the measurement of spectral analysis of HRV during exercise, while others reported increases (↑), decreases (↓) and no changes in variability indicators (↔) of sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) influence.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One study 15 reported no change in baseline BRS and HRV values after a 16-week fitness programme, while another found increased BRS when comparing fitness levels. 47 Aubert et al also found no evidence of significant changes in resting autonomic modulation of the sinus node after a low-volume, moderate-intensity 1-year exercise programme. 4 Comparing 11 young sedentary participants and 10 endurance-trained cyclists Martinelli et al found no difference in power-spectral components of HRV at rest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Autonomic response to exercise as measured by cardiovascular variability

Grant¹,

Ker²

2008

S. Afr. j. sports med.

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Heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure variability (BPV) and baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS) are often used as measures of autonomic activity, even though reported results are not always comparable or as expected. It is known that endurance athletes have lower average resting heart rates than non-exercising individuals. 33,50 However, other exercise-induced autonomic influences on cardiac control are far more controversial.Autonomic control via sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation of the heart has been assessed by power spectral analysis of HRV 1,7,33,41,46,48,50 and BPV. 44,52 Different frequency peaks reflect specific physiological stimuli and it is possible to estimate the involvement of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) influence and balance in heart rate (HR) regulation. Method. An Ovid MEDLINE Database search for the period 1950 -March 2008 produced 46 articles for review. The published articles that evaluate the effect of exercise on the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are summarised in three categories: the response of the ANS during a bout of exercise, directly after exercise (recovery measurements), and after a long-term exercise programme. Results.Articles on the effect of training on the ANS as measured by cardiovascular variability indicators show increased variability, decreased variability, and no change in variability. Conclusion.Findings in this review emphasise that standardisation and refinement of these measuring tools are essential to produce results that can be repeated and used as reference. Standardisation is essential as these measurements are increasingly employed in studies regarding investigations of central autonomic regulation, those exploring the link between psychological pro cesses and physiological functioning, and those indicating ANS activity in response to exercise, training and overtraining. This review shows that important aspects are inter-individual differences, duration and intensity of the exercise programme, and choice and specific implementation of variability analysis techniques. CoRREspondEnCE:Mrs C C Grant Section Sports Medicine University of Pretoria Tel: 27 12 3624496 Fax: 27 12 3623369 E-mail: Rina.Grant@up.ac.za and also gives an indication of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). 1,48During measurement of systolic BPV the LF peak corresponds with sympathetic activity while the HF peak is determined by mechanical effects of respiration on intrathoracic pressure and cardiac filling. 44,52 The variability in blood pressure and identification of the corresponding physiological stimuli are difficult to identify. Indications are that the very low frequencies (≤0.04 Hz) are influenced by vascular tone, endothelium factors and thermoregulation, and the LF peak (0.07 -0.15 Hz) relates to sympathetic activity and represents vasomotor tone.2 BRS reflects mainly vagal modulation of the HR by the arterial baroreceptors and the magnitude of response in heart beat interval to a change in blood pressure (ms/mmHg). 6Physical exercise requires rapid and complex physio...

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“…In other studies that have shown a decreased BPV (and increased baroreceptor sensitivity) after prolonged training, participants were either all over the age of 40 or had comorbid illnesses. [23] As such it is plausible that in a young, healthy population, good autonomic modulation is preserved and the margin for improvement with exercise will always be limited and seldom be significant. Conversely, in an elderly population or in a population with comorbidities affecting the cardiovascular system, such as diabetes or recent myocardial infarction, sustained exercise causes numerous beneficial changes to vasculature and neural modulation, which cumulatively result in a significant decrease in BPV post intervention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular and autonomic response induced by a 20-week military training programme in young healthy South African males

Zondi¹

2016

S Afr J SM

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Background. Studies investigating the relationship between exercise and haemodynamic regulation conducted in older caucasian and black African populations suggest that lifestyle modification is effective in the management of numerous disease processes. There are few longterm studies in young healthy populations and even less is known about the influence of habitual exercise on autonomic and haemodynamic variables in young black African subjects. Objective. To investigate the benefit of prolonged exercise on cardiovascular and haemodynamic variables in young healthy black African males. Methods. Fifty-five healthy male volunteers between 18 and 22 years of age participated in this prospective 20-week medium-to highintensity exercise intervention study with a self-control design. The Finometer Pro (Finapres Medical Systems, the Netherlands) was used for non-invasive data sampling of a number of cardiovascular and autonomic variables. Results were generated by computer algorithm and were analysed using non-parametric Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Results. Significant (p<0.05) cardiovascular changes included an increase in aerobic capacity, stroke volume, cardiac output and ejection fraction, and a decrease in diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. There was a significant decrease in total peripheral resistance and ascending aorta impedance. Systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure and arterial compliance remained unchanged, while the decrease in blood pressure variability was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion. The measured changes suggest a favourable response to exercise and imply that habitual exercise may be an important lifestyle modification for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease in young black African males.

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Exercise training improves cardiovascular and autonomic profiles in HIV

Abstract: Augmentations in arterial compliance and baroreflex sensitivity associated with fitness portent an improved CV and autonomic profile for HIV-positive individuals. Physical activity may be an adjuvant method to enhance the overall vascular health in HIV-compromised individuals.

Cited by 29 publications

References 55 publications

Relationship between exercise capacity and heart rate variability: Supine and in response to an orthostatic stressor

Relationship between exercise capacity and heart rate variability: Supine and in response to an orthostatic stressor

Autonomic response to exercise as measured by cardiovascular variability

Cardiovascular and autonomic response induced by a 20-week military training programme in young healthy South African males

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