Exercise Training Amount and Intensity Effects on Metabolic Syndrome (from Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise)

Johnson, Johanna L.; Slentz, Cris A.; Houmard, Joseph A.; Samsa, Gregory P.; Duscha, Brian D.; Aiken, Lori B.; McCartney, Jennifer S.; Tanner, Charles J.; Kraus, William E.

doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.07.027

Cited by 293 publications

(289 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…for body fat and mass loss [42][43][44], symptoms of both metabolic syndrome [45] and depression [46], blood plasma lipoproteins [47], and blood pressure [48], the present data confirm that the cardiovascular benefits of exercise accrue in direct proportion to the amount of regular exercise performed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Exercise and lifestyle predictors of resting heart rate in healthy young adults

Nealen

2016

jhse

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Physical exercise is well-understood to provide significant health benefits, through physiological adaptations induced by the repeated exertion stress exercise imposes on our systems. Chief among these are cardiovascular adaptations to exercise, including adjustments of cardiac parameters such as stroke volume, heart rate, and maximal cardiac output. It is commonly assumed that aerobic forms of exercise provide greater cardiovascular benefits than do non-aerobic forms of exercise. To test this assumption, exercise habits and resting heart rate were examined in a large population of healthy young adults. 90% of subjects reported regular physical exercise, with aerobic exercise constituting 64% of all exercise hours. Subjects with a history of smoking exhibited higher resting heart rates than those with no smoking history, an effect which was due primarily to a reduction in exercise hours by smokers than due to a smoking habit itself. While both total exercise amount and aerobic exercise amount were significantly and negatively related to resting heart rate, total exercise amount was a better overall predictor of resting heart rate than was aerobic exercise amount. All forms of exercise were associated with cardiovascular health, with cardiovascular benefits accruing according to the amount of exercise performed, even in optimally healthy young adults.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Exercise and lifestyle predictors of resting heart rate in healthy young adults

Nealen

2016

jhse

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“…Metabolic syndrome (MS) was evaluated using an MS Z‐score, which is a continuous score of the 5 MS variables, as reported previously 27. Gender‐specific Z‐scores were used to account for variations in criterion between men and women.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Men and women respond differently to rapid weight loss: Metabolic outcomes of a multi‐centre intervention study after a low‐energy diet in 2500 overweight, individuals with pre‐diabetes (PREVIEW)

Christensen

Larsen

Westerterp-Plantenga

et al. 2018

Diabetes Obesity Metabolism

135

106

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AimsThe PREVIEW lifestyle intervention study (http://clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01777893) is, to date, the largest, multinational study concerning prevention of type‐2 diabetes. We hypothesized that the initial, fixed low‐energy diet (LED) would induce different metabolic outcomes in men vs women.Materials and methodsAll participants followed a LED (3.4 MJ/810 kcal/daily) for 8 weeks (Cambridge Weight Plan). Participants were recruited from 8 sites in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. Those eligible for inclusion were overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) individuals with pre‐diabetes according to ADA‐criteria. Outcomes of interest included changes in insulin resistance, fat mass (FM), fat‐free mass (FFM) and metabolic syndrome Z‐score.ResultsIn total, 2224 individuals (1504 women, 720 men) attended the baseline visit and 2020 (90.8%) completed the follow‐up visit. Following the LED, weight loss was 16% greater in men than in women (11.8% vs 10.3%, respectively) but improvements in insulin resistance were similar. HOMA‐IR decreased by 1.50 ± 0.15 in men and by 1.35 ± 0.15 in women (ns). After adjusting for differences in weight loss, men had larger reductions in metabolic syndrome Z‐score, C‐peptide, FM and heart rate, while women had larger reductions in HDL cholesterol, FFM, hip circumference and pulse pressure. Following the LED, 35% of participants of both genders had reverted to normo‐glycaemia.ConclusionsAn 8‐week LED induced different effects in women than in men. These findings are clinically important and suggest gender‐specific changes after weight loss. It is important to investigate whether the greater decreases in FFM, hip circumference and HDL cholesterol in women after rapid weight loss compromise weight loss maintenance and future cardiovascular health.

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“…The authors suggested that 'prolonged continuous lowto-moderate-intensity exercise training is equally effective when compared with more intense exercise training as a means to lower blood HbA 1c content, when exercise bouts are being matched for total energy expenditure. ' As noted previously, the issue of exercise intensity and disease risk remains contentious, and some authors have reported that moderate-intensity exercise training in the absence of dietary changes improves risk factors for metabolic syndrome to a greater extent than more vigorous exercise [31]. Other data, however, suggest that when matched for total work or energy expenditure, intermittent high-intensity aerobic interval training is superior to less intense exercise in inducing improvements in clinical outcomes and muscle metabolic markers.…”

Section: The Study's Findingsmentioning

confidence: 98%