Exercise Stress Testing in Athletes

Parizher, Gary; Emery, Michael S.

doi:10.1016/j.csm.2022.02.006

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Screening methods at rest, like resting ECG and echocardiography, are sources of valuable indicators required for diagnosing cardiac abnormalities, but stress tests give information about how the heart behaves during load [31]. This information opens access to the capabilities of an athlete's heart under physical load and, most importantly, can identify abnormalities that cannot be detected at rest, notably in asymptomatic adults [18]. Many studies showed positive results for many cardiac disorders by exercise testing for asymptomatic individuals, but the low prevalence of the disease is the main limitation of the test [39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 12-lead resting ECG gives the characteristics of the heart at rest, which can be used to detect abnormalities during normal conditions, and classic echocardiography allows taking very important measurements of the heart. The heart of an athlete undergoes different adaptations in response to continuous training and loads; thus, the behavior of the heart during loads or the training process gives valuable data for the evaluation of an athlete's performance, working capacity, metabolism, level of adaptation, and abnormalities [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cardiological Functional Assessment of National Olympic Team of Kazakhstan

Yerezhepov,

Gabdulkayum,

Bilyalova

et al. 2023

JCM

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Athletes carry an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) conditions. Due to the relatively high loads and intensity of the training process, athletes’ CV systems undergo various adaptations, which can combine in the future and provoke unexpected outcomes. Most CV screening protocols have several successive steps. The aim of our study was to perform a cardiological functional assessment of the National Olympic Team of Kazakhstan via several noninvasive protocols to close the gaps between the approaches and collect solid data for the prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) incidence among Kazakhstani athletes. Methods: The methods used in this study were 12-lead resting electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, cardiointervalography, cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), and HyperQ stress testing. Results: One case was detected via 12-lead resting ECG. Another case of the slowdown of the heart rate (HR) recovery was detected via cardiointervalography with no clinical signs and normal ECG. The HyperQ stress testing of the women’s basketball team detected a positive result in four leads in one athlete. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the CV systems of athletes require the implementation of several diagnostic methods in rest and stress conditions for more precise evaluation, with each of the methods fulfilling the whole picture for the prevention of such tragic events as sudden cardiac death and sudden cardiac arrest.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiological Functional Assessment of National Olympic Team of Kazakhstan

Yerezhepov,

Gabdulkayum,

Bilyalova

et al. 2023

JCM

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“…Stress tests, such as exercise or pharmacological stress tests, provide valuable insights into cardiovascular health by assessing the heart’s response to physical exertion or medication. These tests help detect coronary artery disease, evaluate exercise capacity, and determine the presence of heart rhythm abnormalities. , On the other hand, EEGs record electrical brain activity, aiding in diagnosing and monitoring various neurological conditions including epilepsy, sleep disorders, and brain injuries. EEGs provide real-time brain function data and allow for the identification of abnormal patterns or seizure activity.…”

Section: Biomarkers and Conventional Diagnostics Techniques In Cardio...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These tests help detect coronary artery disease, evaluate exercise capacity, and determine the presence of heart rhythm abnormalities. 188,189 190 Stress tests involving physical exertion to assess cardiac function may not be feasible for elderly or frail patients, limiting their usefulness in these populations. Similarly, EEGs, which involve the placement of electrodes on the scalp to measure brain activity, may be uncomfortable or claustrophobic for some patients, leading to incomplete or inaccurate data.…”

Section: Limitations Of Conventional Diagnostic Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of 3D Printing Techniques to Fabricate Implantable Microelectrodes for Electrochemical Detection of Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Zilinskaite,

Shukla,

Baradoke

2023

ACS Meas. Sci. Au

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This Review provides a comprehensive overview of 3D printing techniques to fabricate implantable microelectrodes for the electrochemical detection of biomarkers in the early diagnosis of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Early diagnosis of these diseases is crucial to improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare systems' burden. Biomarkers serve as measurable indicators of these diseases, and implantable microelectrodes offer a promising tool for their electrochemical detection. Here, we discuss various 3D printing techniques, including stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), fused deposition modeling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and two-photon polymerization (2PP), highlighting their advantages and limitations in microelectrode fabrication. We also explore the materials used in constructing implantable microelectrodes, emphasizing their biocompatibility and biodegradation properties. The principles of electrochemical detection and the types of sensors utilized are examined, with a focus on their applications in detecting biomarkers for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we address the current challenges and future perspectives in the field of 3D-printed implantable microelectrodes, emphasizing their potential for improving early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies.

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“…En el atleta, la PE puede utilizarse en el tamizaje preparticipación deportiva y estratificación de riesgo para MSCAPD y en la evaluación recurrente de su forma deportiva 37 .…”

Section: Prueba De Ejerciciounclassified