Exercise Reverses the Alterations in Gut Microbiota Upon Cold Exposure and Promotes Cold-Induced Weight Loss

Abstract

We are extremely grateful to students at the Guangzhou Sport University for experimental assistance, sample collection, and discussions. We gratefully acknowledge all the study staff.

Does the gut microbiota contribute to the antiobesity effect of exercise? A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Six animal studies reported energy intake (37,38,43,45,49,51) and two studies reported energy expenditure (38,43), respectively. Besides, 18 (23,35‐45,47,49‐53) of the 21 animal studies were randomized studies, whereas the other 3 were longitudinal intervention and nonrandom control studies (24,46,48).…”

“…In animal studies, long‐term training ranging from 4 to 16 weeks served as an exercise intervention (Table 2). Treadmill running (in endurance training, resistance training, or high‐intensity interval training protocols) (24,36,39‐41,44‐46,48‐51,53), voluntary wheel running (23,35,37,42,43), and swimming (47,52) were the major forms of exercise intervention in these studies.…”

“…Unlike human studies, several taxa, including Lactobacillus (genus level), Allobaculum (genus level), and Clostridiaceae (family level) showed opposite changes after exercise in various animal studies, whereas amplicon sequence variants in three taxa, including Parabacteroides (genus level), Bacteroidales (order level), and RF32 (order level), were observed in one study (38). Notably, eight taxa, including Proteobacteria (phylum level) (24,52), Tenericutes (phylum level) (50,51), Clostridiaceae (family level) (23,41), Ruminococcaceae (family level) (23,35), Lactobacillus (genus level) (24,37,40,41,44), Desulfovibrio (genus level) (46,48), Allobaculum (genus level) (44,45), and Anaeroplasma (genus level) (50,51), were detected in more than one study, whereas others were reported in only one study. Of these, only Proteobacteria (phylum level) was also found in more than one human study.…”

“…one longitudinal study (32), and two nonrandom crossover studies (33,34). A HFD was used to model obesity in mice (23,(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42) or rats (24,(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51), whereas leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) mice fed a HFD and administered a streptozotocin injection were used as animal models of T2D (52,53) (Table 2). For energy balance (energy intake and expenditure), four human studies described energy intake (20,30,32,33), and one study described energy expenditure (30), respectively.…”

Induction of Adipose Tissue Browning as a Strategy to Combat Obesity

“…In turn, exercise can promote the proliferation of specific bacterial strains, including those of Veillonella [ 109 ]. A combination of physical activity with cold exposure occurred to promote more extensive changes in the gut microbiome and subsequently increased WAT browning ant weight loss more effectively than exercise or cold exposure alone [ 110 ]. In turn, mice challenged with caloric restriction or intermittent fasting (both associated with excessive WAT browning) have also been reported to have alternations in intestinal microbiota.…”