Exercise intensity influences the temporal profile of growth factors involved in neuronal plasticity following focal ischemia

Ploughman, Michelle; Granter‐Button, Shirley; Chernenko, Garry; Attwood, Zachary; Tucker, Budd A.; Mearow, Karen M.; Corbett, Dale

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.065

Cited by 146 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Although the data of this study show a lower density of astrocytes in the hippocampus, the quantification of neurons showed that rats trained before cerebral ischemia showed a greater density of neurons compared with the sedentary group. These results can be supported by some studies that demonstrate the benefits of physical exercise in the rescue and recovery of neuronal death in the injured area (Altman and Das, 1965;Curlik and Shors, 2011;Curlik et al, 2013;Ploughman et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Effect of Exercise Prior or After Ischemia on the Density of Neurons and Astrocytes in the Brain of Rats

Damázio¹,

Melo²,

Lima³

et al. 2014

American Journal of Neuroscience

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The aim of this study was to analyse the density of astrocytes and neurons in the motor areas of the cortex, striatum and hippocampus of rats that performed exercise before or after cerebral ischemia. A total of 36 Wistar rats were separated into two groups: One that was subjected to Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) and the other that underwent surgical access in the absence of ischemia. Both groups were subdivided into: Animals that underwent exercise prior to MCAO and sham surgery (AI and AC, n = 12); animals that underwent exercise after MCAO and sham surgery (DI and DC, n = 12); and animals that did not undergo exercise (SI and SC, n = 12). The brains of mice were sectioned and stained by the Nissl method for staining of neurons and the astrocytes were labeled by immunohistochemistry with glial fibrillary acidic protein. Physical training was conducted after the surgery for 6 weeks (30 min/day), 5 days per week. The animals exercised before cerebral ischemia showed greater density of neurons in the striatum, in the apex of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, in the motor cortex contra lateral to the lesion and more astrocytes in the motor cortex of the cerebral hemispheres compared with the untrained group (p<0.05). The density of neurons in the brain regions analysed remained unchanged in exercised animals from the fourth day after cerebral ischemia when compared with the sedentary group.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Effect of Exercise Prior or After Ischemia on the Density of Neurons and Astrocytes in the Brain of Rats

Damázio¹,

Melo²,

Lima³

et al. 2014

American Journal of Neuroscience

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“…19 Potential effects of rehabilitation on delayed cell death and inflammation were also investigated, as enrichment and motor training are known to enhance neurogenesis, as well as growth and survival factors. 20,21 Behavioral assessments were carried out after 2, 5, and 10 days of either EE, daily reach therapy, or a combination of both. Based on previous studies, 4 we hypothesized that the combination therapy would be most effective in inducing neuroplastic changes in both the affected and unaffected hemispheres.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Poststroke Experience Differentially Alters Periinfarct Layer II and III Cortex

Clarke

Langdon

Corbett

2014

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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Early poststroke rehabilitation effectively improves recovery of function, likely by engaging multiple plasticity processes through use-dependent activation of neural circuits. The loci of such neuroplastic reorganization have not been examined during the initial phase of behavioral recovery. In the current study, we sought to evaluate sub-components of rehabilitation and to identify brain sites first engaged by early rehabilitation. Rats were subjected to endothelin-1 ischemia and placed in either enriched environment (EE), daily reach training (RT), combination of enriched environment and reach training (ER), or standard housing (ST) starting 7 days post ischemia. Functional and histopathological assessments were made after 2, 5, and 10 days of treatment. Animals exposed to 10 days of ER treatment exhibited significantly more use-dependent neuronal activity (FosB/DFosB expression) in perilesional cortex than those exposed to EE, RT, or ST treatments. Similar trends were observed in both perilesional striatum and contralesional forelimb motor cortex. This use-dependent plasticity was not explained by differences in neuronal death, inflammation, or lesion volume. The increased activity likely contributes to the neuroplastic changes and functional recovery observed after extended periods of rehabilitation. Importantly, EE or RT alone did not lead to enhanced activity suggesting that combination therapy is necessary to promote maximum recovery.

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“…This method reduced their psychological stress during exercise training to a minimum and accomplished an effective rehabilitation treatment. The treatment effect of the currently marketed forced motion platform (treadmill and running wheel) for animal rehabilitation is not obvious [12][13][14], mainly due to physical injuries from frequent electric shock when using a treadmill [14] and fall injuries when rats failed to keep up with the speed on MRW and ISRW [12,13]. Therefore, this study presented an infrared sensing feedback speed adjustment mechanism; that is, when the rat is about to fall or fails to keep up with the current speed, the training intensity will be reduced accordingly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, exercise platforms used in animals are mainly of two types, including the treadmill and running wheel. Both training methods use a fixed speed to train rats during a fixed period of time, which has demonstrated certain effectiveness in preventing cerebral stroke [11] but has shown little effectiveness for the recovery process after a cerebral stroke [12][13][14]. The reason for the ineffectiveness was that the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) operation had already been performed to trigger the ischemic stroke.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How to Modify the Forced Running Wheel for Ischemic Stroke Rehabilitation in Rats

Chen¹,

Chang²

2018

Neuropsychiatry

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Objective:An infrared-sensing deceleration running wheel (IDRW) is proposed from the prevention to the rehabilitation of ischemic stroke in an animal model. Current forced training platforms use a fixed speed for rehabilitation training in rats. However, it is difficult for the injured rats to keep exercising at a constant intensity. Moreover, neither high nor low training speed can be the optimal for rats for the whole rehabilitation process. This conventional method may even result in second-time injuries during rehabilitation, which causes adverse effects in recovery. This phenomenon is also one of the reasons why currently marketed forced training animal platforms have shown little effectiveness in the rehabilitation of stroke patients. The major distinction between the techniques described in this study and the commercially available ones is that our platform is capable of automatically and dynamically adjust varying the training intensity based on spontaneous feedback of individual physical conditions according to infrared sensor for positions. Methods:This platform uses infrared sensors to measure the running positions of rats to provide feedback and adjust the exercise speed for assisting stroke rehabilitation in rats. In addition, with linear acceleration and adaptive deceleration models, rats with stroke can achieve rehabilitation based on their individual physical characteristics. This rehabilitation model not only achieves effective recovery based on the individualized physical capacity of rats but also protects rats from fall injuries. This rehabilitation model overcomes individual differences, which has not been realized in conventional rehabilitation models. Results:An animal ischemic stroke model was used to test the effectiveness of this platform. One week after middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAo) surgery, the animals were assigned into four groups (treadmill, motorized running wheel (MRW), (infrared-sensing running wheel) ISRW, and IDRW) to complete rehabilitation training over three weeks. Inclined plane and beam walking tests were used daily to test the motor function recovery. After three weeks of exercise, the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) was used to obtain the cerebral infarct volume. The result showed that the IDRW group achieved a significant recovery from the evaluation of inclined plane (control: 49.9 ± 0.8 degrees, IDRW: 52.6 ± 0.7 degrees), beam walking (control: 1.5 ± 0.2 points, IDRW: 0.6 ± 0.15 points), and cerebral infarct volume (control: 64.9 ± 6 %, IDRW: 40.3 ± 4 %). IDRW is also the only platform that showed an actual treatment effect among all forced training platforms.

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Exercise intensity influences the temporal profile of growth factors involved in neuronal plasticity following focal ischemia

Cited by 146 publications

References 55 publications

Effect of Exercise Prior or After Ischemia on the Density of Neurons and Astrocytes in the Brain of Rats

Effect of Exercise Prior or After Ischemia on the Density of Neurons and Astrocytes in the Brain of Rats

Early Poststroke Experience Differentially Alters Periinfarct Layer II and III Cortex

How to Modify the Forced Running Wheel for Ischemic Stroke Rehabilitation in Rats

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