Exercise-Induced Vascular Remodeling

Abstract

Exercise produces a powerful angiogenic stimulus within the active muscle that leads to a functionally important increase in capillarity. Further, exercise can increase flow capacity by enlarging the caliber of arterial supply vessels. These adaptations are achieved by the processes of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, respectively.

Regulation of myogenic stem cell behaviour by vessel cells: The "ménage à trois" of satellite cells, periendothelial cells and endothelial cells

“…Several studies have implicated VEGF in skeletal muscle angiogenesis regulation induce by acute aerobic or resistance exercise in both human and animals. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Furthermore, it has been shown that training also induce modifications of VEGF mRNA and protein expression. [12][13][14][15][16] Chronic pathological conditions, such as Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and diabetes, 17,18 induce capillary rarefaction suggesting that VEGF is also important in the maintenance of adult skeletal muscle microvasculature.…”

Electrical stimulation-evoked resistance exercise therapy improves arterial health after chronic spinal cord injury

“…Arterial adaptations associated with exercise may be induced through a direct shear-stress mechanism related to increased blood flow, [44][45][46] or indirectly through reductions in cardiovascular disease risk factors, for example, blood lipids, circulating factors such as oxidants, blood pressure, blood glucose, and body fat. Although we did not measure cardiovascular disease risk factors, a recent study found that FMD improves after short-term exercise (8 weeks) without moderation of said factors.…”

Stress repair mechanism activity explains inflammation and apoptosis

“…Athletic conditioning induces angiogenesis that enhances tissue perfusion and oxygenation, mitigates flow resistance, reduces blood pressure, and enhances ejection fraction, which slows heart rate via the Starling mechanism [24, 270,[302][303][304][305][306][307][308][309][310][311][312][313][314][315][316][317]. Allostatic load accelerates capillary senescence [318][319][320] that increases vascular resistance, impairs tissue and organ perfusion, inhibits glucose uptake, and causes diabetes and essential hypertension [142,192,231,232,267,273,276,277,279,[321][322][323][324][325][326][327].…”