Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Running Economy in Humans

Abstract

Running economy (RE), defined as the energy demand for a given velocity of submaximal running, has been identified as a critical factor of overall distance running performance. Plyometric and resistance trainings, performed during a relatively short period of time (~15–30 days), have been successfully used to improve RE in trained athletes. However, these exercise types, particularly when they are unaccustomed activities for the individuals, may cause delayed onset muscle soreness, swelling, and reduced muscle strength. Some studies have demonstrated that exercise-induced muscle damage has a negative impact on endurance running performance. Specifically, the muscular damage induced by an acute bout of downhill running has been shown to reduce RE during subsequent moderate and high-intensity exercise (>65% VO2max). However, strength exercise (i.e., jumps, isoinertial and isokinetic eccentric exercises) seems to impair RE only for subsequent high-intensity exercise (~90% VO2max). Finally, a single session of resistance exercise or downhill running (i.e., repeated bout effect) attenuates changes in indirect markers of muscle damage and blunts changes in RE.

Moderate intensity and volume downhill run does not impair knee joint stability at early and late phases of quadriceps/hamstrings contraction

“…Downhill running is known to lead to fatigue, due to not only its metabolic requirement but also the exertional damage induced to the muscle tissue [6,7,30], which usually prolongs fatigue to 48-96 hours. In our study, however, strength loss (i.e., fatigue) was only identified immediately after the downhill running, returning to baseline levels 48 hours after the run.…”

“…In this case, strength loss lasts longer due to the inflammatory response that occurs in order for the damaged structures to be properly rebuilt [2,5]. Many studies have used downhill running as a damage-inducing model because a large volume of eccentric contractions is required during this activ-ity, which may also lead to fatigue due to its long-term duration [6,7].…”

Perfil neuromuscular de atletas de handebol durante curta competição no Brasil

“…TH not only involves high-intensity efforts, known to induce EIMD, but it also requires players to perform considerable numbers of eccentric contraction, mostly with knee extensors, in actions such as sprints, landings (after jumps) and changing direction. The main symptoms assessed in order to identify and quantify EIMD are strength loss, compromised range of motion (ROM) and efficiency, leakage of intracellular proteins such as creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin (Mb) to the blood stream, muscle swelling, and manifestation of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) [5][6][7][8][9] . There is a gap of knowledge in literature about EIMD induced by TH matches.…”

Efeitos da caminhada em declive na aptidão aeróbia e neuromuscular em adultos jovens

“…Downhill running could be considered a viable alternative to concurrent training, since it stimulates both the neuromuscular system, via increased loads of eccentric contractions used to decelerate and to absorb energy due to declination 8 , and the cardiorespiratory system, to sustain the activity for relatively long periods 9 . However, great magnitudes of exerciseinduced muscle damage (EIMD) are elicited by this exercise modality, since a considerable number of eccentric contractions are performed 10,11 . EIMD is known to cause strength loss, soreness, edema and impaired exercise economy.…”