Exercise-induced changes of the capillaries in the cortex of middle-aged rats

Huang, Chunxia; Qiu, Xuan; Wang, S.; Wu, Hong; Xia, Ling; Li, C.; Gao, Yuan; Zhang, L.; Yun, Xiao; Chao, Feng‐lei

doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.046

Cited by 31 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…In adult animals, these substrates can reversibly remodel or turnover during short intervals of days to weeks as a result, eg, of extensions/retractions of axonal branches and boutons, 27–29 spines and dendrites, 30–33 and glial processes, 34–36 over distances of a few micrometers for spines, 37 and several, tens, or more micrometers for cell processes. 27,35,38,39 Turnover can also include cell loss, angiogenesis, 40,41 gliogenesis, 42,43 and fluxes in volumes of cells 44,45 and intravascular and extravascular spaces. 46,47 Given these ongoing changes and high substrate densities, related thickness fluctuations are arguably quite plausible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships in Ongoing Structural Maintenances of the Two Cerebral Cortices of an Individual Brain

2018

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A human brain has separate left and right cerebral cortices, each of which must be continuously structurally maintained during adulthood. There is no understanding of how ongoing structural maintenances of separate parts of a mature individual brain, including the 2 cortices, are related. To explore this issue, this study used an unconventional N-of-1 magnetic resonance imaging time-series paradigm to identify relationships between maintenances of structural thicknesses of the 2 cortices in an adult human brain over week intervals for 6 months. The results suggest that maintenances of left and right cortical thicknesses were symmetrically related in some, but asymmetrically related in other, respects. For matched times, thickness magnitudes and variations on the 2 sides were positively correlated and appeared to reflect maintenance symmetry. Maintenance relationships also extended from earlier to later times with temporal continuity and apparent “if-then” contingencies which were reflected in symmetry and asymmetry dynamics spanning 1- to 2-week periods. The findings suggest concepts of individual brain cortical maintenance symmetry, asymmetry, and temporal continuity dynamics that have not been previously recognized. They have implications for defining cortical maintenance traits or states and for development of N-of-1 precision medicine paradigms that can contribute to understanding individual brain health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships in Ongoing Structural Maintenances of the Two Cerebral Cortices of an Individual Brain

2018

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“…In animals, capillary growth occurs within 30 days of initiation of a running training program, and the capillary growth is detected primarily within the motor cortex (52). However, others have shown higher total surface area of the capillaries in the whole cortex in middleaged animals (28). Furthermore, when neovascularization and angiogenesis were inhibited in animals before exercise training, there was no increase in cerebral blood flow at rest compared with control animals (21).…”

Section: Vascular Dysfunction/physiological Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…In animal studies, exercising animals demonstrated elevated cerebral blood flow at rest compared with sedentary control animals (21,28,52). Similarly, in humans, cerebral blood flow velocity of the MCA was higher at rest (ϳ17%) in exercise-trained men versus sedentary men (1).…”

Section: Vascular Dysfunction/physiological Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise, cognitive function, and aging

Barnes

2015

Advances in Physiology Education

231

154

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Increasing the lifespan of a population is often a marker of a country's success. With the percentage of the population over 65 yr of age expanding, managing the health and independence of this population is an ongoing concern. Advancing age is associated with a decrease in cognitive function that ultimately affects quality of life. Understanding potential adverse effects of aging on brain blood flow and cognition may help to determine effective strategies to mitigate these effects on the population. Exercise may be one strategy to prevent or delay cognitive decline. This review describes how aging is associated with cardiovascular disease risks, vascular dysfunction, and increasing Alzheimer's disease pathology. It will also discuss the possible effects of aging on cerebral vascular physiology, cerebral perfusion, and brain atrophy rates. Clinically, these changes will present as reduced cognitive function, neurodegeneration, and the onset of dementia. Regular exercise has been shown to improve cognitive function, and we hypothesize that this occurs through beneficial adaptations in vascular physiology and improved neurovascular coupling. This review highlights the potential interactions and ideas of how the age-associated variables may affect cognition and may be moderated by regular exercise.

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“…Good characterization of the processes of angiogenesis and vascular remodeling was obtained using Lycopersicon esculentum lectin (Mazzetti et al, 2004) and Ulex europaeus I agglutinin (Holthofer et al, 1982). In particular, rabbit polyclonal anti-collagen IV antibody (Qiu et al, 2011;Huang et al, 2013) and rabbit polyclonal antilaminin antibody Tonar et al, 2011) have been shown to be convenient tools for the serological examination of brain blood vessels.…”

Section: Vascular Visualization Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, there are various tools for obtaining statistically relevant data, among which is a fractionator (West et al, 1991;Burke et al, 2009;Boyce et al, 2010), a disector (Sterio, 1984;Gundersen, 1986;West, 1999), an isector (Nyengaard and Gundersen, 1992), a cycloid (Baddeley et al, 1986;Calhoun and Mouton, 2001), an orientator (Mattfeldt et al, 1990;Huang et al, 2013), and spherical sampling probes (Mouton et al, 2002). Using them in combination is also possible.…”

Section: The Tissue-sampling Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microcirculation of the brain: morphological assessment in degenerative diseases and restoration processes

Kolinko¹,

Krakorova

Cendelín³

et al. 2015

Reviews in the Neurosciences

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AbstractBrain microcirculation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various brain diseases. Several specific features of the circulation in the brain and its functions deserve special attention. The brain is extremely sensitive to hypoxia, and brain edema is more dangerous than edema in other tissues. Brain vessels are part of the blood-brain barrier, which prevents the penetration of some of the substances in the blood into the brain tissue. Herein, we review the processes of angiogenesis and the changes that occur in the brain microcirculation in the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases. There are no uniform vascular changes in the neurodegenerative diseases. In some cases, the vascular changes are secondary consequences of the pathological process, but they could also be involved in the pathogenesis of the primary disease and contribute to the degeneration of neurons, based on their quantitative characteristics. Additionally, we described the stereological methods that are most commonly used for generating qualitative and quantitative data to assess changes in the microvascular bed of the brain.

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Exercise-induced changes of the capillaries in the cortex of middle-aged rats

Cited by 31 publications

References 31 publications

Relationships in Ongoing Structural Maintenances of the Two Cerebral Cortices of an Individual Brain

Relationships in Ongoing Structural Maintenances of the Two Cerebral Cortices of an Individual Brain

Exercise, cognitive function, and aging

Microcirculation of the brain: morphological assessment in degenerative diseases and restoration processes

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