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PURPOSE: The first aim of this study is to change autistic behavior in Shank3B Knock-Out (KO) mice through treadmill exercise (TD), and the second aim is to alter SHANK protein receptors in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of mice through TD.METHODS: Male mice were divided into Control (11-week-old, n=8), Control+TD (n=8), Shank3B KO (n=8), and Shank3B KO+TD (n=8). Control and Shank3B KO mice were exercised using TD for 2 weeks for 30 minutes each to observe the effects of exercise.RESULTS: Compared to the control group (C57BL/6J), Shank3B KO mice showed excessive self-grooming behavior; however, TD reduced repetitive behavior (<i>p</i><.05). The effect of TD was also seen in the behavior of Shank3B KO mice evaluated by measuring social interaction time using the two-chamber social behavior test and socio-sexual behavior test (<i>p</i><.05 compared to control). Differences were found in C57BL/6J and Shank3B KO mice by assessing proteins such as GluR2, Homer1, phosphorylated GSK-3α/β, and phosphorylated Akt1 in the PFC. The results suggested that TD yielded better outcomes in Shank3B KO+TD mice than in Shank3B KO mice.CONCLUSIONS: TD positively affected behavioral changes in repetitive behavior and social interaction defects in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) model mice. Alterations were also observed in the SHANK glutamate receptor and SHANK sub-signal transporter phosphorylation protein. This suggests that TD is an effective way to improve autistic behavior in ASD. However, further research is necessary to clarify the effects of TD by studying the underlying mechanisms and changes in SHANK proteins and other factors.
PURPOSE: The first aim of this study is to change autistic behavior in Shank3B Knock-Out (KO) mice through treadmill exercise (TD), and the second aim is to alter SHANK protein receptors in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of mice through TD.METHODS: Male mice were divided into Control (11-week-old, n=8), Control+TD (n=8), Shank3B KO (n=8), and Shank3B KO+TD (n=8). Control and Shank3B KO mice were exercised using TD for 2 weeks for 30 minutes each to observe the effects of exercise.RESULTS: Compared to the control group (C57BL/6J), Shank3B KO mice showed excessive self-grooming behavior; however, TD reduced repetitive behavior (<i>p</i><.05). The effect of TD was also seen in the behavior of Shank3B KO mice evaluated by measuring social interaction time using the two-chamber social behavior test and socio-sexual behavior test (<i>p</i><.05 compared to control). Differences were found in C57BL/6J and Shank3B KO mice by assessing proteins such as GluR2, Homer1, phosphorylated GSK-3α/β, and phosphorylated Akt1 in the PFC. The results suggested that TD yielded better outcomes in Shank3B KO+TD mice than in Shank3B KO mice.CONCLUSIONS: TD positively affected behavioral changes in repetitive behavior and social interaction defects in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) model mice. Alterations were also observed in the SHANK glutamate receptor and SHANK sub-signal transporter phosphorylation protein. This suggests that TD is an effective way to improve autistic behavior in ASD. However, further research is necessary to clarify the effects of TD by studying the underlying mechanisms and changes in SHANK proteins and other factors.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is currently the most common psychiatric disorder in the world. It characterized by a high incidence of disease with the symptoms like depressed mood, slowed thinking, and reduced cognitive function. Without timely intervention, there is a 20–30% risk of conversion to treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and a high burden for the patient, family and society. Numerous studies have shown that physical activity (PA) is a non-pharmacological treatment that can significantly improve the mental status of patients with MDD and has positive effects on cognitive function, sleep status, and brain plasticity. However, the physiological and psychological effects of different types of PA on individuals vary, and the dosage profile of PA in improving symptoms in patients with MDD has not been elucidated. In most current studies of MDD, PA can be categorized as continuous endurance training (ECT), explosive interval training (EIT), resistance strength training (RST), and mind–body training (MBT), and the effects on patients’ depressive symptoms, cognitive function, and sleep varied. Therefore, the present study was based on a narrative review and included a large number of existing studies to investigate the characteristics and differences in the effects of different PA interventions on MDD. The study also investigated the characteristics and differences of different PA interventions in MDD, and explained the neural mechanisms through the results of multimodal brain function monitoring, including the intracranial environment and brain structure. It aims to provide exercise prescription and theoretical reference for future research in neuroscience and clinical intervention in MDD.
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