Exercise Increases 24-h Fat Oxidation Only When It Is Performed Before Breakfast

Iwayama, Kaito; Kurihara, Reiko; Nabekura, Yoshiharu; Kawabuchi, Ryosuke; Park, Insung; Kobayashi, Masashi; Ogata, Hiroyasu; Kayaba, Momoko; Satoh, Makoto; Tokuyama, Kumpei

doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.10.029

Cited by 48 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…On the other hand, in the other study, the exercise-induced fat oxidation for 24 h in men is only observed in cases where the exercise performed in the early morning before breakfast but not in the cases where exercise was performed after breakfast, in the afternoon, and evening. As one of its mechanism, it is suggested that it is easy to shift the fuel source from carbohydrate to fat because prior to breakfast, because it is the longer fasting condition within a day, resulting in depletion of energy derived from a carbohydrate source like glycogen (132). Similar responses are observed in women (133).…”

Section: Lipid Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 90%

Time-of-Day-Dependent Physiological Responses to Meal and Exercise

Aoyama

Shibata

2020

Front. Nutr.

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The mammalian circadian clock drives the temporal coordination in cellular homeostasis and it leads the day-night fluctuation of physiological functions, such as sleep/wake cycle, hormonal secretion, and body temperature. The mammalian circadian clock system in the body is classified hierarchically into two classes, the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and the peripheral clocks in peripheral tissues such as the intestine and liver, as well as other brain areas outside the SCN. The circadian rhythm of various tissue-specific functions is mainly controlled by each peripheral clock and partially by the central clock as well. The digestive, absorptive, and metabolic capacities of nutrients also show the day-night variations in several peripheral tissues such as small intestine and liver. It is therefore indicated that the bioavailability or metabolic capacity of nutrients depends on the time of day. In fact, the postprandial response of blood triacylglycerol to a specific diet and glucose tolerance exhibit clear time-of-day effects. Meal frequency and distribution within a day are highly related to metabolic functions, and optimal time-restricted feeding has the potential to prevent several metabolic dysfunctions. In this review, we summarize the time-of-day-dependent postprandial response of macronutrients to each meal and the involvement of circadian clock system in the time-of-day effect. Furthermore, the chronic beneficial and adverse effects of meal time and eating pattern on metabolism and its related diseases are discussed. Finally, we discuss the timing-dependent effects of exercise on the day-night variation of exercise performance and therapeutic potential of time-controlled-exercise for promoting general health.

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Section: Lipid Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 90%

Time-of-Day-Dependent Physiological Responses to Meal and Exercise

Aoyama

Shibata

2020

Front. Nutr.

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“…This may indicate that metabolic and behavioral adaptations have been further developed and contribute to a long-lasting effect, regardless the initial profile of balance of substrates. As proposed by Houmard [33] exercise programs further muscle metabolism in obese subjects and is thus efficient as a metabolism programmer even at low intensity, and even if it elicits a moderate calorie expenditure [34]. This effect is due to a mitochondrial remodeling in human skeletal muscle [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long term (3 years) weight loss after low intensity endurance training targeted at the level of maximal muscular lipid oxidation

Drapier¹,

Chérif²,

Richou³

et al. 2018

Integr Obesity Diabetes

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Among various strategies of exercise intensification proposed for the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes, endurance training remains a well recognized procedure. When targeted with exercise calorimetry at levels where lipid oxidation is maximal (LIPOXmax), it has been shown to improve mitochondrial respiration, blood glucose control and blood lipids, low grade inflammation and body composition, even at low weekly volume. We investigated in this study its long term effects over 3 years (3x45 min/week) compared to low fat diet without exercise (LFD) and a control group without any exercise or diet (C). 88 subjects that continued LIPOXmax training more than 1 year (23 men, 65 women, age=20-85 years, body mass index =23-48 kg/m 2 ) were compared to two matched groups (C and LFD). While C gained weight over this period, LFD and LIPOXmax group lose weight. Weight loss at 1 year was the same in exercise and diet group, but at 2 years and even more at 3 years there was a gradual weight regain in LFD so that results were better (p<0.01) in the exercise group who maintained weight loss in 80% of subjects. Average weight loss was -2,95 ± 0,37 kg after 3 months, -4,56 ± 0,68 kg after 1 year, -5,31 ± 1,26 kg at 2 years and -8,49 ± 2,39 kg at 3 years. The level at which LIPOXmax occurs is a predictor of weight loss at 1 year (r=-0,346 p<0,001) but not at 2 and 3 years. Weight loss at 3 months is a predictor of weight loss at 1 year (r=0,523 p<0,001) but not at 2 and 3 years. At 1 year subjects with LIPOX max in the lower quartile (<35% VO2max n=23) lose less weight than the others (-2.3 ± 0.98 vs -5.4 ± 0.83 p=0,05) but this difference vanishes over time. This study shows that this low intensity exercise training maintains its weight-reducing effect 3 years while diet is no longer efficient, and that this effect is initially related to muscular ability to oxidize lipids but that metabolic and behavioral adaptations have been further developed and contribute to a long lasting effect.By contrast, low intensity endurance, that promotes lipid oxidation, has been proposed since almost twenty years as a promising strategy against obesity [8][9][10][11][12] .When targeted with exercise calorimetry at levels where lipid oxidation is maximal (LIPOXmax), it has been shown to improve mitochondrial respiration [13], blood glucose control and blood lipids, low grade inflammation and body composition, even at low weekly volume [14]. Surprisingly, this approach generated less literature, perhaps because its weight-reducing effects over the short term, although significant, were not spectacular.However, its prolonged use has been shown to result in a sustained weight loss [15] which contrasts with the quite constant weight regain observed in almost all classical strategies [16]. In this study we aimed at determining over 3 years the kinetics of weight evolution of patients trained with low volumes of low intensity exercise targeted by exercise calorimetry in comparison with controls who did not change their lifestyle and class...

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“…However, little is known about the impact of acute changes in ET on 24-h fat oxidation and fat balance. Previous studies that investigated the acute effect of physical activity on fat balance under tightly controlled EB conditions in a metabolic chamber found no impact of exercise (≤60 min or 1674-2218 kJ/d) at the intensity of 40-70 % VO 2 max, performed in the postprandial state, on 24-h fat oxidation (12)(13)(14) . It is known that in particular physical activity at a medium intensity up to 55-65 % VO 2 max is able to enhance whole-body fat oxidation (15) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Significance was set at P < 0•05. In order to calculate the appropriate sample size to detect differences in fat oxidation using a two-sided paired t test, data of Iwayama et al (12) were used, who examined the impact of exercise timing on fat oxidation (mean values and standard deviations for fat oxidation, control: 1908 (SD 808) kJ/d; intervention: 3000 (SD 845) kJ/d). A total sample size of n 9 is required to assess these differences in fat oxidation at an α-level of 0•05 and a power of 80 % (hypothesised effect size = 1•3).…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of energy turnover on fat balance in healthy young men during energy balance, energetic restriction and overfeeding

et al. 2019

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Body weight control is thought to be improved when physical activity and energy intake are both high (high energy turnover (ET)). The aim of the present study was to investigate the short-term impact of ET on fat balance during zero energy balance (EB), energetic restriction (ER) and overfeeding (OF). In a randomised crossover study, nine healthy men (BMI: 23·0 (SD 2·1) kg/m2, 26·6 (SD 3·5) years) passed 3 × 3 d in a metabolic chamber: three levels of ET (low, medium and high; physical activity level = 1·3−1·4, 1·5−1·6 and 1·7−1·8) were performed at zero EB, ER and OF (100, 75 and 125 % of individual energy requirement). Different levels of ET were obtained by walking (4 km/h) on a treadmill (0, 165 and 330 min). Twenty-four-hour macronutrient oxidation and relative macronutrient balance (oxidation relative to intake) was calculated, and NEFA, 24-h insulin and catecholamine secretion were analysed as determinants of fat oxidation. During EB and OF, 24-h fat oxidation increased with higher ET. This resulted in a higher relative fat balance at medium ET (EB: +17 %, OF: +14 %) and high ET (EB: +23 %, OF: +17 %) compared with low ET (all P < 0·05). In contrast, ER led to a stimulation of 24-h fat oxidation irrespective of ET (no differences in relative fat balance between ET levels, P > 0·05). In conclusion, under highly controlled conditions, a higher ET improved relative fat balance in young healthy men during OF and EB compared with a sedentary state.

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Exercise Increases 24-h Fat Oxidation Only When It Is Performed Before Breakfast

Cited by 48 publications

References 28 publications

Time-of-Day-Dependent Physiological Responses to Meal and Exercise

Time-of-Day-Dependent Physiological Responses to Meal and Exercise

Long term (3 years) weight loss after low intensity endurance training targeted at the level of maximal muscular lipid oxidation

Impact of energy turnover on fat balance in healthy young men during energy balance, energetic restriction and overfeeding

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